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---
name: configure-nightwatch
description: Configures Laravel Nightwatch data collection, sampling rates, filtering rules, and redaction policies. Use when setting up Nightwatch, managing data volume, protecting sensitive data (PII), or optimizing event collection for production workloads.
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Nightwatch Configuration Guide
This skill helps configure Laravel Nightwatch data collection to balance observability, performance, and privacy. Covers sampling strategies, filtering rules, and redaction methods across all event types.
## Documentation Reference
The [Nightwatch Documentation](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs) is the definitive and up-to-date source of information for all Nightwatch configuration options. This skill provides practical guidance and common patterns, but always consult the official documentation as the primary source of truth for specific details, environment variables, and API behavior. The documentation includes comprehensive coverage of:
- [Filtering and Configuration](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/filtering) - Core concepts for sampling, filtering, and redaction
- Individual event type pages with specific configuration options:
- [Requests](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/requests) - Request sampling, header handling, payload capture
- [Commands](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/commands) - Command sampling and redaction
- [Queries](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/queries) - Query filtering and redaction
- [Cache](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/cache) - Cache event filtering by key or pattern
- [Jobs](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/jobs) - Job filtering and sampling decoupling
- [Mail](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/mail) - Mail event filtering
- [Notifications](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/notifications) - Notification filtering by channel
- [Exceptions](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/exceptions) - Exception sampling and throttling
- [Outgoing Requests](https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs/outgoing-requests) - HTTP request filtering
- [reference.md](reference.md) - Quick lookup table by event type, production presets, and verification checklist
## Data Collection Flow
Nightwatch processes events through three stages:
1. **Sampling** - Controls which entry points are captured (requests, commands, scheduled tasks)
2. **Filtering** - Excludes specific events after sampling (queries, cache, mail, etc.)
3. **Redaction** - Modifies captured data to remove/obfuscate sensitive information
```
Request/Command/Scheduled Task
|
v
[Sampling?] ----NO----> Drop entire trace
| YES
v
Events generated
|
v
[Filtering?] ----YES---> Drop specific event
| NO
v
[Redaction] ----------> Store modified data
```
---
## Sampling Configuration
Sampling determines which entry points (requests, commands, scheduled tasks) trigger full trace collection. When an entry point is sampled, all related events are captured.
### Global Sample Rates
Configure via environment variables:
```bash
# Default: 100% sampling (all requests/commands captured)
NIGHTWATCH_REQUEST_SAMPLE_RATE=0.1 # Recommended: 10% of requests
NIGHTWATCH_COMMAND_SAMPLE_RATE=1.0 # Capture all commands
NIGHTWATCH_EXCEPTION_SAMPLE_RATE=1.0 # Always capture exceptions
```
**Recommendation**: Start with `0.1` (10%) for requests in production, adjust based on volume and needs.
### Route-Based Sampling
Apply different rates to specific routes using the `Sample` middleware:
```php routes/web.php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Http\Middleware\Sample;
// Sample admin routes at 100%
Route::middleware(Sample::rate(1.0))->prefix('admin')->group(function () {
// All admin routes sampled fully
});
// Sample API routes at 5%
Route::middleware(Sample::rate(0.05))->prefix('api')->group(function () {
// API routes sampled sparingly
});
// Always sample critical endpoints
Route::post('/checkout', [CheckoutController::class, 'process'])
->middleware(Sample::always());
// Never sample health checks
Route::get('/health', [HealthController::class, 'check'])
->middleware(Sample::never());
```
### Unmatched Route Sampling
Handle 404/bot traffic with reduced sampling:
```php routes/web.php
Route::fallback(fn () => abort(404))
->middleware(Sample::rate(0.01)); // 1% sampling for unmatched routes
```
### Dynamic Sampling
Sample based on runtime conditions (user role, request attributes):
```php app/Http/Middleware/SampleAdminRequests.php
use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Facades\Nightwatch;
class SampleAdminRequests
{
public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next)
{
if ($request->user()?->isAdmin()) {
Nightwatch::sample(); // Always sample admin requests
}
return $next($request);
}
}
```
### Command Sampling
Exclude specific commands from sampling:
```php AppServiceProvider.php
use Illuminate\Console\Events\CommandStarting;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Facades\Nightwatch;
public function boot(): void
{
Event::listen(function (CommandStarting $event) {
if (in_array($event->command, ['schedule:finish', 'horizon:snapshot'])) {
Nightwatch::dontSample();
}
});
}
```
### Vendor Commands
Nightwatch automatically ignores framework/internal commands. Opt-in to capture them:
```php
Nightwatch::captureDefaultVendorCommands();
```
---
## Filtering Configuration
Filtering excludes specific events from collection after sampling. Use filtering to reduce noise and quota usage.
### Database Queries
**Filter all queries** (disable query collection):
```bash
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_QUERIES=true
```
**Filter specific queries** by SQL pattern:
```php AppServiceProvider.php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Facades\Nightwatch;
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Query;
public function boot(): void
{
// Filter job table queries (PostgreSQL)
Nightwatch::rejectQueries(function (Query $query) {
return str_contains($query->sql, 'into "jobs"');
});
// Filter cache table queries (MySQL)
Nightwatch::rejectQueries(function (Query $query) {
return str_contains($query->sql, 'from `cache`')
|| str_contains($query->sql, 'into `cache`');
});
}
```
### Cache Events
**Filter all cache events**:
```bash
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_CACHE_EVENTS=true
```
**Filter by cache key patterns**:
```php
Nightwatch::rejectCacheKeys([
'my-app:users', // Exact match
'/^my-app:posts:/', // Regex: starts with my-app:posts:
'/^[a-zA-Z0-9]{40}$/', // Regex: session IDs
]);
```
**Filter with callback**:
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\CacheEvent;
Nightwatch::rejectCacheEvents(function (CacheEvent $cacheEvent) {
return str_starts_with($cacheEvent->key, 'temp:');
});
```
### Mail Events
**Filter all mail**:
```bash
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_MAIL=true
```
**Filter specific mail**:
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Mail;
Nightwatch::rejectMail(function (Mail $mail) {
return str_contains($mail->subject, 'Newsletter');
});
```
### Notification Events
**Filter all notifications**:
```bash
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_NOTIFICATIONS=true
```
**Filter by channel**:
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Notification;
Nightwatch::rejectNotifications(function (Notification $notification) {
return $notification->channel === 'database';
});
```
### Outgoing HTTP Requests
**Filter all outgoing requests**:
```bash
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_OUTGOING_REQUESTS=true
```
**Filter by URL**:
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\OutgoingRequest;
Nightwatch::rejectOutgoingRequests(function (OutgoingRequest $request) {
return str_contains($request->url, 'analytics.example.com');
});
```
### Queued Jobs
**Filter specific jobs**:
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\QueuedJob;
Nightwatch::rejectQueuedJobs(function (QueuedJob $job) {
return $job->name === 'App\Jobs\LowPriorityJob';
});
```
### Decoupling Job Sampling
Sample jobs independently from parent contexts:
```php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Queue;
public function boot(): void
{
Queue::before(fn () => Nightwatch::sample(rate: 0.5));
}
```
---
## Redaction Configuration
Redaction modifies captured data to remove or obfuscate sensitive information. Unlike filtering, redaction keeps the event but sanitizes its content.
### Request Redaction
**Redact sensitive headers** (automatically redacts: Authorization, Cookie, X-XSRF-TOKEN):
```bash
# Customize redacted headers
NIGHTWATCH_REDACT_HEADERS=Authorization,Cookie,Proxy-Authorization,X-API-Key
```
**Redact request payloads** (disabled by default):
```bash
# Enable payload capture
NIGHTWATCH_CAPTURE_REQUEST_PAYLOAD=true
# Customize redacted fields
NIGHTWATCH_REDACT_PAYLOAD_FIELDS=password,password_confirmation,ssn,credit_card
```
**Programmatic redaction**:
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Facades\Nightwatch;
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Request;
Nightwatch::redactRequests(function (Request $request) {
$request->url = str_replace('secret', '***', $request->url);
$request->ip = preg_replace('/\d+$/', '***', $request->ip);
});
```
### Query Redaction
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Query;
Nightwatch::redactQueries(function (Query $query) {
$query->sql = str_replace('secret_token', '***', $query->sql);
});
```
### Cache Redaction
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\CacheEvent;
Nightwatch::redactCacheEvents(function (CacheEvent $cacheEvent) {
$cacheEvent->key = str_replace('user:', 'user:***:', $cacheEvent->key);
});
```
### Command Redaction
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Command;
Nightwatch::redactCommands(function (Command $command) {
$command->command = preg_replace('/--password=\S+/', '--password=***', $command->command);
});
```
### Exception Redaction
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Exception;
Nightwatch::redactExceptions(function (Exception $exception) {
$exception->message = str_replace('secret', '***', $exception->message);
});
```
### Mail Redaction
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\Mail;
Nightwatch::redactMail(function (Mail $mail) {
$mail->subject = str_replace('Invoice #', 'Invoice ***', $mail->subject);
});
```
### Outgoing Request Redaction
```php
use Laravel\Nightwatch\Records\OutgoingRequest;
Nightwatch::redactOutgoingRequests(function (OutgoingRequest $outgoingRequest) {
$outgoingRequest->url = preg_replace('/api_key=\w+/', 'api_key=***', $outgoingRequest->url);
});
```
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# Nightwatch Configuration Reference
## Configuration Summary by Event Type
| Event Type | Sampling | Filtering | Redaction |
| --------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| **Requests** | `NIGHTWATCH_REQUEST_SAMPLE_RATE`, Route middleware | Not applicable | Headers, payload, URL, IP |
| **Commands** | `NIGHTWATCH_COMMAND_SAMPLE_RATE`, Event listener | Not applicable | Command arguments |
| **Queries** | Parent context | `rejectQueries()`, `NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_QUERIES` | SQL statement |
| **Cache** | Parent context | `rejectCacheKeys()`, `rejectCacheEvents()`, `NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_CACHE_EVENTS` | Cache key |
| **Jobs** | Parent context, Queue::before | `rejectQueuedJobs()` | Not applicable |
| **Mail** | Parent context | `rejectMail()`, `NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_MAIL` | Subject |
| **Notifications** | Parent context | `rejectNotifications()`, `NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_NOTIFICATIONS` | Not applicable |
| **Outgoing Requests** | Parent context | `rejectOutgoingRequests()`, `NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_OUTGOING_REQUESTS` | URL |
| **Exceptions** | `NIGHTWATCH_EXCEPTION_SAMPLE_RATE` | Not applicable | Exception message |
---
## Production Recommendations
### High-Traffic Applications
```bash
# Conservative sampling
NIGHTWATCH_REQUEST_SAMPLE_RATE=0.01 # 1% of requests
NIGHTWATCH_COMMAND_SAMPLE_RATE=0.1 # 10% of commands
NIGHTWATCH_EXCEPTION_SAMPLE_RATE=1.0 # Always capture exceptions
# Filter noisy events
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_CACHE_EVENTS=true
NIGHTWATCH_IGNORE_QUERIES=true # Or filter specific queries programmatically
```
### Privacy-Conscious Applications
```bash
# Disable sensitive data collection
NIGHTWATCH_CAPTURE_REQUEST_PAYLOAD=false
NIGHTWATCH_REDACT_HEADERS=Authorization,Cookie,Proxy-Authorization,X-XSRF-TOKEN
# Or use redaction in AppServiceProvider
```
### Balanced Configuration (Recommended Start)
```bash
# Sample rates
NIGHTWATCH_REQUEST_SAMPLE_RATE=0.1
NIGHTWATCH_COMMAND_SAMPLE_RATE=1.0
NIGHTWATCH_EXCEPTION_SAMPLE_RATE=1.0
# Filter obvious noise programmatically
# Redact PII as needed
```
---
## Verification Checklist
After configuration:
- [ ] Sampling rates appropriate for traffic volume
- [ ] Noisy events filtered (cache, certain queries)
- [ ] Sensitive data redacted (PII, tokens, credentials)
- [ ] Exceptions always captured for debugging
- [ ] Test in development with `NIGHTWATCH_REQUEST_SAMPLE_RATE=1.0`
- [ ] Monitor event quota usage in Nightwatch dashboard
---
## Common Patterns
### Filter Health Checks + Reduce Sampling
```php
Route::get('/health', fn() => ['status' => 'ok'])
->middleware(Sample::never());
```
### Exclude Internal/Vendor Queries
```php
Nightwatch::rejectQueries(fn($q) =>
str_contains($q->sql, 'telescope') ||
str_contains($q->sql, 'pulse')
);
```
### Protect User Data in Cache Keys
```php
Nightwatch::redactCacheEvents(fn($e) =>
$e->key = preg_replace('/user:\d+/', 'user:***', $e->key)
);
```
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---
name: echo-development
description: "Develops real-time broadcasting with Laravel Echo. Activates when setting up broadcasting (Reverb, Pusher, Ably); creating ShouldBroadcast events; defining broadcast channels (public, private, presence, encrypted); authorizing channels; configuring Echo; listening for events; implementing client events (whisper); setting up model broadcasting; broadcasting notifications; or when the user mentions broadcasting, Echo, WebSockets, real-time events, Reverb, or presence channels."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Laravel Broadcasting & Echo
## When to Apply
Activate this skill when:
- Installing or configuring Laravel broadcasting (Reverb, Pusher, Ably)
- Creating events that implement `ShouldBroadcast`
- Defining broadcast channels and authorization
- Setting up Laravel Echo on the client side
- Listening for broadcast events, notifications, or model events
- Implementing client-to-client events (whisper)
- Working with presence channels for user awareness
## Documentation
Use `search-docs` for detailed broadcasting patterns and documentation.
## Basic Usage
### Installing Broadcasting
```bash
php artisan install:broadcasting
```
Use flags for specific drivers: `--reverb`, `--pusher`, `--ably`. This creates `config/broadcasting.php` and `routes/channels.php`.
### Creating a Broadcast Event
```bash
php artisan make:event OrderShipped
```
<!-- Broadcast Event -->
```php
namespace App\Events;
use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\InteractsWithSockets;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PrivateChannel;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcast;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
class OrderShipped implements ShouldBroadcast
{
use InteractsWithSockets, SerializesModels;
public function __construct(public Order $order) {}
public function broadcastOn(): array
{
return [new PrivateChannel('orders.'.$this->order->id)];
}
}
```
Dispatch the event:
<!-- Dispatch Event -->
```php
use App\Events\OrderShipped;
OrderShipped::dispatch($order);
```
### Authorizing Channels
Define authorization in `routes/channels.php`:
<!-- Channel Authorization -->
```php
use App\Models\Order;
use App\Models\User;
Broadcast::channel('orders.{orderId}', function (User $user, int $orderId) {
return $user->id === Order::findOrNew($orderId)->user_id;
});
```
Create a channel class for complex authorization:
```bash
php artisan make:channel OrderChannel
```
List all registered channels:
```bash
php artisan channel:list
```
### Client-Side Setup
Install Echo and Pusher JS:
```bash
npm install --save-dev laravel-echo pusher-js
```
<!-- Echo Client Configuration -->
```javascript
import Echo from 'laravel-echo';
import Pusher from 'pusher-js';
window.Pusher = Pusher;
window.Echo = new Echo({
broadcaster: 'reverb',
key: import.meta.env.VITE_REVERB_APP_KEY,
wsHost: import.meta.env.VITE_REVERB_HOST,
wsPort: import.meta.env.VITE_REVERB_PORT ?? 80,
wssPort: import.meta.env.VITE_REVERB_PORT ?? 443,
forceTLS: (import.meta.env.VITE_REVERB_SCHEME ?? 'https') === 'https',
enabledTransports: ['ws', 'wss'],
});
```
### Listening for Events
<!-- Listen on Private Channel -->
```javascript
Echo.private(`orders.${orderId}`)
.listen('OrderShipmentStatusUpdated', (e) => {
console.log(e.order);
});
```
### Running Required Processes
```bash
php artisan queue:work # Required for ShouldBroadcast events
php artisan reverb:start # Required for Reverb driver
```
## What's Possible
Use `search-docs` to find detailed code examples and configuration for each of these:
### Channel Types
- Public (`new Channel`) — no auth, anyone can subscribe. Use for app-wide announcements, public feeds, or status pages.
- Private (`new PrivateChannel`) — requires authorization. Use for user-specific data like orders, messages, or account updates.
- Presence (`new PresenceChannel`) — authorized + tracks who's online. Use for chat rooms, collaborative editing, "who's viewing this" features, or typing indicators.
- EncryptedPrivate — end-to-end encryption, Pusher/Reverb only. Use when payload must be hidden from the broadcast server (e.g., sensitive financial data or private messages).
- Drivers: `reverb` (self-hosted WebSocket server), `pusher` (managed service), `ably` (managed service), `log` (writes to Laravel log, use for debugging), `null` (no-op, use for testing)
### Event Customization
- `broadcastAs()` — custom event name (client must use dot prefix: `.listen('.custom.name')`). Use when you want stable API names decoupled from PHP class names, or shorter event names for the frontend.
- `broadcastWith()` — control exact payload. Use to avoid leaking sensitive model attributes, slim down large payloads, or add computed data not on the model.
- `broadcastWhen()` — conditional broadcasting. Use to skip broadcasting when changes are trivial (e.g., only broadcast order updates above a threshold, or skip unchanged fields).
- `broadcastQueue()` / `$queue` — route to specific queue. Use to isolate real-time broadcasts from slow background jobs so they're processed faster.
- `$connection` — set queue connection per event. Use when broadcasts should go through a faster queue backend like Redis while other jobs use the database driver.
### Broadcasting Interfaces
- `ShouldBroadcast` — queue the broadcast (default). Use for most events to avoid blocking the HTTP response.
- `ShouldBroadcastNow` — broadcast synchronously, skip queue. Use during development or for time-critical events where queue latency is unacceptable.
- `ShouldDispatchAfterCommit` — wait for DB transaction commit. Use when the event references newly created records that listeners need to query (prevents race conditions).
- `ShouldRescue` — auto-catch broadcast exceptions. Use to prevent broadcast failures (e.g., WebSocket server down) from disrupting the user's HTTP request.
- `InteractsWithSockets` — required for `toOthers()`. Use on any event where you want to exclude the sender (optimistic UI updates).
- `InteractsWithBroadcasting` — override driver per event via `broadcastVia()`. Use in multi-driver setups (e.g., some events via Reverb, others via Pusher).
### Broadcasting Helpers
- `broadcast(new Event)->toOthers()` — exclude current user's socket. Use when the client already updates optimistically from the API response to avoid duplicate updates.
- `broadcast(new Event)->via('pusher')` — override connection. Use to route specific events through a different broadcast driver than the default.
- `Broadcast::on()`, `Broadcast::private()`, `Broadcast::presence()` — anonymous broadcasting without event classes. Chain `.as('name')->with($data)->send()` or `.sendNow()`. Use for simple one-off broadcasts where creating a full event class is overkill (e.g., quick status updates, simple notifications).
### Channel Authorization
- Closure-based in `routes/channels.php` — use for simple authorization logic (e.g., checking ownership).
- Model binding: `Broadcast::channel('orders.{order}', fn (User $user, Order $order) => ...)` — use when authorization depends on the model instance (auto-resolves from route parameter).
- Channel classes via `php artisan make:channel` — use for complex authorization logic that benefits from dependency injection or reusable logic across channels.
- Multiple guards: `['guards' => ['web', 'admin']]` — use when the channel should be accessible by users authenticated via different guards (e.g., both regular users and admins).
### Model Broadcasting
- `BroadcastsEvents` trait auto-broadcasts created/updated/deleted/trashed/restored. Use to automatically keep clients in sync with Eloquent model changes without writing individual events.
- Channel convention: `App.Models.Post.{id}` — clients subscribe to model-specific channels.
- `broadcastAs($event)` and `broadcastWith($event)` for per-action customization. Use to send different payloads for create vs update, or suppress certain event types.
- `newBroadcastableEvent($event)` for event instance customization (e.g., `->dontBroadcastToCurrentUser()`). Use when you need to modify the underlying event object before it's dispatched.
### Client-Side Features
- Client events: `whisper()` / `listenForWhisper()` — peer-to-peer without server roundtrip (private/presence channels only). Use for typing indicators, cursor positions, or any ephemeral state that doesn't need server persistence.
- Presence channels: `Echo.join()` with `here()`, `joining()`, `leaving()`, `error()` callbacks. Use for showing online users, "X is viewing this document" features, or live participant counts.
- Notification broadcasting: `.notification()` on user's private channel. Use to show real-time notifications (toast, badge counts) pushed from Laravel's notification system.
- Connection management: `Echo.connectionStatus()`, `Echo.leaveAllChannels()`, `Echo.disconnect()`. Use to show connection indicators, clean up on logout, or handle offline/reconnect scenarios.
- Custom namespace: `new Echo({ namespace: 'App.Other.Namespace' })`. Use when your events live outside the default `App\Events` namespace.
## Common Pitfalls
- Queue worker must be running for `ShouldBroadcast` events. Use `ShouldBroadcastNow` during development.
- `BROADCAST_CONNECTION` not `BROADCAST_DRIVER`: Laravel 11+ renamed this env key.
- `toOthers()` requires `InteractsWithSockets` trait AND `X-Socket-ID` header. Echo auto-adds this to global Axios. For `fetch`, manually send `Echo.socketId()`.
- CORS: When frontend/backend are on different origins, add `broadcasting/auth` to `config/cors.php` paths and set `supports_credentials` to `true`.
- Missing `VITE_` prefix: Client-side env vars must start with `VITE_`.
- `channels.php` not loaded: Verify it's included in `withRouting()` in `bootstrap/app.php`.
- Reverb is long-running: Code changes require `php artisan reverb:restart`.
- Presence channel auth must return an array of user data (`['id' => $user->id, 'name' => $user->name]`), not `true`. Returning `true` silently fails.
- Dot prefix rule: When using `broadcastAs()`, client must prefix with `.` (e.g., `.listen('.custom.name')`). Without the dot, Echo looks for `App\Events\custom.name` which silently fails.
- Reverb host separation: `REVERB_SERVER_HOST`/`REVERB_SERVER_PORT` (internal bind) vs `REVERB_HOST`/`REVERB_PORT` (public address) vs `VITE_REVERB_HOST`/`VITE_REVERB_PORT` (client JS).
- Sanctum SPA auth: Ensure `/broadcasting/auth` uses `auth:sanctum` middleware and CSRF tokens are sent with `withCredentials: true`.
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---
name: fortify-development
description: 'ACTIVATE when the user works on authentication in Laravel. This includes login, registration, password reset, email verification, two-factor authentication (2FA/TOTP/QR codes/recovery codes), passkeys, profile updates, password confirmation, or any auth-related routes and controllers. Activate when the user mentions Fortify, auth, authentication, login, register, signup, forgot password, verify email, 2FA, passkeys, WebAuthn, or references app/Actions/Fortify/, CreateNewUser, UpdateUserProfileInformation, FortifyServiceProvider, config/fortify.php, or auth guards. Fortify is the frontend-agnostic authentication backend for Laravel that registers all auth routes and controllers. Also activate when building SPA or headless authentication, customizing login redirects, overriding response contracts like LoginResponse, or configuring login throttling. Do NOT activate for Laravel Passport (OAuth2 API tokens), Socialite (OAuth social login), or non-auth Laravel features.'
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Laravel Fortify Development
Fortify is a headless authentication backend that provides authentication routes and controllers for Laravel applications.
## Documentation
Use `search-docs` for detailed Laravel Fortify patterns and documentation.
## Usage
- **Routes**: Use `list-routes` with `only_vendor: true` and `action: "Fortify"` to see all registered endpoints
- **Actions**: Check `app/Actions/Fortify/` for customizable business logic (user creation, password validation, etc.)
- **Config**: See `config/fortify.php` for all options including features, guards, rate limiters, and username field
- **Contracts**: Look in `Laravel\Fortify\Contracts\` for overridable response classes (`LoginResponse`, `LogoutResponse`, etc.)
- **Views**: All view callbacks are set in `FortifyServiceProvider::boot()` using `Fortify::loginView()`, `Fortify::registerView()`, etc.
## Available Features
Enable in `config/fortify.php` features array:
- `Features::registration()` - User registration
- `Features::resetPasswords()` - Password reset via email
- `Features::emailVerification()` - Requires User to implement `MustVerifyEmail`
- `Features::updateProfileInformation()` - Profile updates
- `Features::updatePasswords()` - Password changes
- `Features::twoFactorAuthentication()` - 2FA with QR codes and recovery codes
- `Features::passkeys()` - Passwordless authentication with WebAuthn passkeys
> Use `search-docs` for feature configuration options and customization patterns.
## Setup Workflows
### Two-Factor Authentication Setup
```
- [ ] Add TwoFactorAuthenticatable trait to User model
- [ ] Enable feature in config/fortify.php
- [ ] If the `*_add_two_factor_columns_to_users_table.php` migration is missing, publish via `php artisan vendor:publish --tag=fortify-migrations` and migrate
- [ ] Set up view callbacks in FortifyServiceProvider
- [ ] Create 2FA management UI
- [ ] Test QR code and recovery codes
```
> Use `search-docs` for TOTP implementation and recovery code handling patterns.
### Passkeys Setup
```
- [ ] Add PasskeyAuthenticatable trait to User model and implement PasskeyUser
- [ ] Enable passkeys feature in config/fortify.php
- [ ] If the passkeys table migration is missing, publish via `php artisan vendor:publish --tag=fortify-migrations` and migrate
- [ ] Configure passkeys relying_party_id, allowed_origins, user_handle_secret, and timeout if defaults are not suitable
- [ ] Build UI with @laravel/passkeys for registration, login, confirmation, and deletion
```
> Use `search-docs` for passkey configuration options. For `@laravel/passkeys` frontend usage, refer to the package's README on npm.
### Email Verification Setup
```
- [ ] Enable emailVerification feature in config
- [ ] Implement MustVerifyEmail interface on User model
- [ ] Set up verifyEmailView callback
- [ ] Add verified middleware to protected routes
- [ ] Test verification email flow
```
> Use `search-docs` for MustVerifyEmail implementation patterns.
### Password Reset Setup
```
- [ ] Enable resetPasswords feature in config
- [ ] Set up requestPasswordResetLinkView callback
- [ ] Set up resetPasswordView callback
- [ ] Define password.reset named route (if views disabled)
- [ ] Test reset email and link flow
```
> Use `search-docs` for custom password reset flow patterns.
### SPA Authentication Setup
```
- [ ] Set 'views' => false in config/fortify.php
- [ ] Install and configure Laravel Sanctum for session-based SPA authentication
- [ ] Use the 'web' guard in config/fortify.php (required for session-based authentication)
- [ ] Set up CSRF token handling
- [ ] Test XHR authentication flows
```
> Use `search-docs` for integration and SPA authentication patterns.
#### Two-Factor Authentication in SPA Mode
When `views` is set to `false`, Fortify returns JSON responses instead of redirects.
If a user attempts to log in and two-factor authentication is enabled, the login request will return a JSON response indicating that a two-factor challenge is required:
```json
{
"two_factor": true
}
```
## Best Practices
### Custom Authentication Logic
Override authentication behavior using `Fortify::authenticateUsing()` for custom user retrieval or `Fortify::authenticateThrough()` to customize the authentication pipeline. Override response contracts in `AppServiceProvider` for custom redirects.
### Registration Customization
Modify `app/Actions/Fortify/CreateNewUser.php` to customize user creation logic, validation rules, and additional fields.
### Rate Limiting
Configure via `fortify.limiters.login` in config. Default configuration throttles by username + IP combination.
## Key Endpoints
| Feature | Method | Endpoint |
|------------------------|----------|---------------------------------------------|
| Login | POST | `/login` |
| Logout | POST | `/logout` |
| Register | POST | `/register` |
| Password Reset Request | POST | `/forgot-password` |
| Password Reset | POST | `/reset-password` |
| Email Verify Notice | GET | `/email/verify` |
| Resend Verification | POST | `/email/verification-notification` |
| Password Confirm | POST | `/user/confirm-password` |
| Enable 2FA | POST | `/user/two-factor-authentication` |
| Confirm 2FA | POST | `/user/confirmed-two-factor-authentication` |
| 2FA Challenge | POST | `/two-factor-challenge` |
| Get QR Code | GET | `/user/two-factor-qr-code` |
| Recovery Codes | GET/POST | `/user/two-factor-recovery-codes` |
| Passkey Login Options | GET | `/passkeys/login/options` |
| Passkey Login | POST | `/passkeys/login` |
| Passkey Confirm Options| GET | `/passkeys/confirm/options` |
| Passkey Confirm | POST | `/passkeys/confirm` |
| Passkey Options | GET | `/user/passkeys/options` |
| Register Passkey | POST | `/user/passkeys` |
| Delete Passkey | DELETE | `/user/passkeys/{passkey}` |
@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
---
name: inertia-vue-development
description: "Develops Inertia.js v3 Vue client-side applications. Activates when creating Vue pages, forms, or navigation; using <Link>, <Form>, useForm, useHttp, setLayoutProps, or router; working with deferred props, prefetching, optimistic updates, instant visits, or polling; or when user mentions Vue with Inertia, Vue pages, Vue forms, or Vue navigation."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Inertia Vue Development
## When to Apply
Activate this skill when:
- Creating or modifying Vue page components for Inertia
- Working with forms in Vue (using `<Form>`, `useForm`, or `useHttp`)
- Implementing client-side navigation with `<Link>` or `router`
- Using v3 features: deferred props, prefetching, optimistic updates, instant visits, layout props, HTTP requests, WhenVisible, InfiniteScroll, once props, flash data, or polling
- Building Vue-specific features with the Inertia protocol
## Documentation
Use `search-docs` for detailed Inertia v3 Vue patterns and documentation.
## Basic Usage
### Page Components Location
Vue page components should be placed in the `resources/js/pages` directory.
### Page Component Structure
<!-- Basic Vue Page Component -->
```vue
<script setup>
defineProps({
users: Array
})
</script>
<template>
<div>
<h1>Users</h1>
<ul>
<li v-for="user in users" :key="user.id">
{{ user.name }}
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</template>
```
## Client-Side Navigation
### Basic Link Component
Use `<Link>` for client-side navigation instead of traditional `<a>` tags:
<!-- Inertia Vue Navigation -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Link } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<div>
<Link href="/">Home</Link>
<Link href="/users">Users</Link>
<Link :href="`/users/${user.id}`">View User</Link>
</div>
</template>
```
### Link with Method
<!-- Link with POST Method -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Link } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<Link href="/logout" method="post" as="button">
Logout
</Link>
</template>
```
### Prefetching
Prefetch pages to improve perceived performance:
<!-- Prefetch on Hover -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Link } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<Link href="/users" prefetch>
Users
</Link>
</template>
```
### Programmatic Navigation
<!-- Router Visit -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { router } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
function handleClick() {
router.visit('/users')
}
// Or with options
function createUser() {
router.visit('/users', {
method: 'post',
data: { name: 'John' },
onSuccess: () => console.log('Done'),
})
}
</script>
<template>
<Link href="/users">Users</Link>
<Link href="/logout" method="post" as="button">Logout</Link>
</template>
```
## Form Handling
### Form Component (Recommended)
The recommended way to build forms is with the `<Form>` component:
<!-- Form Component Example -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Form } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<Form action="/users" method="post" #default="{ errors, processing, wasSuccessful }">
<input type="text" name="name" />
<div v-if="errors.name">{{ errors.name }}</div>
<input type="email" name="email" />
<div v-if="errors.email">{{ errors.email }}</div>
<button type="submit" :disabled="processing">
{{ processing ? 'Creating...' : 'Create User' }}
</button>
<div v-if="wasSuccessful">User created!</div>
</Form>
</template>
```
### Form Component With All Props
<!-- Form Component Full Example -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Form } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<Form
action="/users"
method="post"
#default="{
errors,
hasErrors,
processing,
progress,
wasSuccessful,
recentlySuccessful,
setError,
clearErrors,
resetAndClearErrors,
defaults,
isDirty,
reset,
submit
}"
>
<input type="text" name="name" :value="defaults.name" />
<div v-if="errors.name">{{ errors.name }}</div>
<button type="submit" :disabled="processing">
{{ processing ? 'Saving...' : 'Save' }}
</button>
<progress v-if="progress" :value="progress.percentage" max="100">
{{ progress.percentage }}%
</progress>
<div v-if="wasSuccessful">Saved!</div>
</Form>
</template>
```
### Form Component Reset Props
The `<Form>` component supports automatic resetting:
- `resetOnError` - Reset form data when the request fails
- `resetOnSuccess` - Reset form data when the request succeeds
- `setDefaultsOnSuccess` - Update default values on success
Use the `search-docs` tool with a query of `form component resetting` for detailed guidance.
<!-- Form with Reset Props -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Form } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<Form
action="/users"
method="post"
reset-on-success
set-defaults-on-success
#default="{ errors, processing, wasSuccessful }"
>
<input type="text" name="name" />
<div v-if="errors.name">{{ errors.name }}</div>
<button type="submit" :disabled="processing">
Submit
</button>
</Form>
</template>
```
Forms can also be built using the `useForm` composable for more programmatic control. Use the `search-docs` tool with a query of `useForm helper` for guidance.
### `useForm` Composable
For more programmatic control or to follow existing conventions, use the `useForm` composable:
<!-- useForm Composable Example -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { useForm } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
const form = useForm({
name: '',
email: '',
password: '',
})
function submit() {
form.post('/users', {
onSuccess: () => form.reset('password'),
})
}
</script>
<template>
<form @submit.prevent="submit">
<input type="text" v-model="form.name" />
<div v-if="form.errors.name">{{ form.errors.name }}</div>
<input type="email" v-model="form.email" />
<div v-if="form.errors.email">{{ form.errors.email }}</div>
<input type="password" v-model="form.password" />
<div v-if="form.errors.password">{{ form.errors.password }}</div>
<button type="submit" :disabled="form.processing">
Create User
</button>
</form>
</template>
```
## Inertia v3 Features
### HTTP Requests
Use the `useHttp` hook for standalone HTTP requests that do not trigger Inertia page visits. It provides the same developer experience as `useForm`, but for plain JSON endpoints.
<!-- useHttp Example -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { useHttp } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
const http = useHttp({
query: '',
})
function search() {
http.get('/api/search', {
onSuccess: (response) => {
console.log(response)
},
})
}
</script>
<template>
<input v-model="http.query" @input="search" />
<div v-if="http.processing">Searching...</div>
</template>
```
### Optimistic Updates
Apply data changes instantly before the server responds, with automatic rollback on failure:
<!-- Optimistic Update with Router -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { router } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
function like(post) {
router.optimistic((props) => ({
post: {
...props.post,
likes: props.post.likes + 1,
},
})).post(`/posts/${post.id}/like`)
}
</script>
```
Optimistic updates also work with `useForm` and the `<Form>` component:
<!-- Optimistic Update with Form Component -->
```vue
<template>
<Form
action="/todos"
method="post"
:optimistic="(props, data) => ({
todos: [...props.todos, { id: Date.now(), name: data.name, done: false }],
})"
>
<input type="text" name="name" />
<button type="submit">Add Todo</button>
</Form>
</template>
```
### Instant Visits
Navigate to a new page immediately without waiting for the server response. The target component renders right away with shared props, while page-specific props load in the background.
<!-- Instant Visit with Link -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { Link } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
</script>
<template>
<Link href="/dashboard" component="Dashboard">Dashboard</Link>
<Link
href="/posts/1"
component="Posts/Show"
:page-props="{ post: { id: 1, title: 'My Post' } }"
>
View Post
</Link>
</template>
```
### Layout Props
Share dynamic data between pages and persistent layouts:
<!-- Layout Props in Layout -->
```vue
<script setup>
withDefaults(defineProps({
title: String,
showSidebar: Boolean,
}), {
title: 'My App',
showSidebar: true,
})
</script>
<template>
<header>{{ title }}</header>
<aside v-if="showSidebar">Sidebar</aside>
<main>
<slot />
</main>
</template>
```
<!-- Setting Layout Props from Page -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { setLayoutProps } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
setLayoutProps({
title: 'Dashboard',
showSidebar: false,
})
</script>
<template>
<h1>Dashboard</h1>
</template>
```
### Deferred Props
Use deferred props to load data after initial page render:
<!-- Deferred Props with Empty State -->
```vue
<script setup>
defineProps({
users: Array
})
</script>
<template>
<div>
<h1>Users</h1>
<div v-if="!users" class="animate-pulse">
<div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-3/4 mb-2"></div>
<div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/2"></div>
</div>
<ul v-else>
<li v-for="user in users" :key="user.id">
{{ user.name }}
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</template>
```
### Polling
Use the `usePoll` composable to automatically refresh data at intervals. It handles cleanup on unmount and throttles polling when the tab is inactive.
<!-- Basic Polling -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { usePoll } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
defineProps({
stats: Object
})
usePoll(5000)
</script>
<template>
<div>
<h1>Dashboard</h1>
<div>Active Users: {{ stats.activeUsers }}</div>
</div>
</template>
```
<!-- Polling With Request Options and Manual Control -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { usePoll } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
defineProps({
stats: Object
})
const { start, stop } = usePoll(5000, {
only: ['stats'],
onStart() {
console.log('Polling request started')
},
onFinish() {
console.log('Polling request finished')
},
}, {
autoStart: false,
keepAlive: true,
})
</script>
<template>
<div>
<h1>Dashboard</h1>
<div>Active Users: {{ stats.activeUsers }}</div>
<button @click="start">Start Polling</button>
<button @click="stop">Stop Polling</button>
</div>
</template>
```
- `autoStart` (default `true`) - set to `false` to start polling manually via the returned `start()` function
- `keepAlive` (default `false`) - set to `true` to prevent throttling when the browser tab is inactive
### WhenVisible
Lazy-load a prop when an element scrolls into view. Useful for deferring expensive data that sits below the fold:
<!-- WhenVisible Example -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { WhenVisible } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
defineProps({
stats: Object
})
</script>
<template>
<div>
<h1>Dashboard</h1>
<WhenVisible data="stats" :buffer="200">
<template #fallback>
<div class="animate-pulse">Loading stats...</div>
</template>
<template #default="{ fetching }">
<div>
<p>Total Users: {{ stats.total_users }}</p>
<p>Revenue: {{ stats.revenue }}</p>
<span v-if="fetching">Refreshing...</span>
</div>
</template>
</WhenVisible>
</div>
</template>
```
### InfiniteScroll
Automatically load additional pages of paginated data as users scroll:
<!-- InfiniteScroll Example -->
```vue
<script setup>
import { InfiniteScroll } from '@inertiajs/vue3'
defineProps({
users: Object
})
</script>
<template>
<InfiniteScroll data="users">
<div v-for="user in users.data" :key="user.id">
{{ user.name }}
</div>
</InfiniteScroll>
</template>
```
The server must use `Inertia::scroll()` to configure the paginated data. Use the `search-docs` tool with a query of `infinite scroll` for detailed guidance on buffers, manual loading, reverse mode, and custom trigger elements.
## Server-Side Patterns
Server-side patterns (Inertia::render, props, middleware) are covered in inertia-laravel guidelines.
## Common Pitfalls
- Using traditional `<a>` links instead of Inertia's `<Link>` component (breaks SPA behavior)
- Forgetting that Vue components must have a single root element
- Forgetting to add loading states (skeleton screens) when using deferred props
- Not handling the `undefined` state of deferred props before data loads
- Using `<form>` without preventing default submission (use `<Form>` component or `@submit.prevent`)
- Forgetting to check if `<Form>` component is available in your Inertia version
- Using `router.cancel()` instead of `router.cancelAll()` (v3 breaking change)
- Using `router.on('invalid', ...)` or `router.on('exception', ...)` instead of the renamed `httpException` and `networkError` events
+104
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@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
---
name: infer-conventions
description: "Use this skill to analyze how a Laravel application is actually written and record its conventions as shared rules. Trigger when the user wants to detect, infer, document, or standardize project conventions or coding style, set up or grow `.ai/rules`, resolve mixed or conflicting patterns (e.g. \"are we using Form Requests or inline validation?\"), or onboard agents and teammates to \"how we do things here\". Covers: a systematic sweep of ~49 Laravel convention dimensions (validation, models, architecture, testing, frontend, database, console), open-ended house-pattern discovery, conflict reporting, and recording rules scoped to the right paths via the Boost `record-rule` MCP tool. Do not use for one-off code review, enforcing formatting a linter already handles, or editing `.ai/rules` files by hand."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Infer Conventions
Learn how this application writes Laravel, then record what you learn as durable, path-scoped rules other agents will read. You are documenting reality, not improving it.
## Ground Rules (read before you start)
- Consistency first. The codebase's majority style is the convention. Never judge it, never propose a "better" pattern, never record what the code should do. If the app validates inline everywhere, that is the rule, even if Form Requests would be nicer.
- Skip what an active tool produces, keep what a tool would fight. Inspect the project's Pint and Rector configuration first; a Rector transformation is tooling-owned only when its package and relevant rule or set are installed and enabled. Active tools may rewrite code toward one canonical form: `$casts` to `casts()`, `$fillable` to attributes, magic accessors to the `Attribute` class, pipe-string rules to arrays, `$signature` to `#[Signature]`, named migrations to anonymous, and many more. When the app already sits at an active tool's target form, the tool owns it, so record nothing. But when the app deliberately holds a form an active tool would refactor away, such as legacy `getXxxAttribute()` accessors the `Attribute` class would replace, no tool can reproduce that choice and an agent defaults the other way. That against-the-grain hold is exactly what to record.
- Record decisions, not defaults. A consistent pattern earns a rule only when it reflects a choice: the app took one valid option where the framework or common practice offered others, or the pattern would surprise a competent agent. Framework defaults steer nothing, so skip them: anonymous migrations, `$signature` commands, `ShouldQueue` jobs, `casts()` on Laravel 11+, named routes, Rule objects in `app/Rules`, and `Mail::fake()` or `Bus::fake()` to isolate framework services. A real fork is not enough on its own. Weigh the side the app took, and record only the side an agent would not reach for by itself: inline closures everywhere, legacy accessors, a bespoke query layer. Watch for the false fork too. "No Mockery" next to facade fakes is not a choice against Mockery, because they double different things. The test for every candidate: without this rule, would the next agent plausibly write it differently? Only "yes" earns a rule.
- Architecture choices are the gold. Record presence and deliberate absence. The structural pattern the app commits to is the highest-signal convention and the one no tool can decide: Action classes and how they are invoked (`handle` / `execute` / `__invoke`), service objects, dedicated query objects exposing `builder()`, DTOs (spatie/laravel-data vs readonly classes), Form Request validation vs inline, an events and listeners spine vs direct calls, and domain or module folders. Also record a consistent non-pattern, such as "query Eloquent directly in controllers, no repository layer", so the next agent matches the app's altitude instead of over-engineering.
- Never duplicate `.ai/rules`. Read `.ai/rules/index.md` and the area files before the sweep. A dimension already covered there is marked done and skipped.
- Evidence or silence. A convention needs at least 3 consistent examples and no meaningful rival to become a candidate. Every Step 1 verdict applies this bar.
- The recorded rule states the convention, nothing else. One or two imperative lines: this project does X, so do X here. Keep detection evidence out. No counts, ratios, current usage, file lists, or example paths, because that is proof for the confirm step, not part of the rule. One short syntax fragment at most, and point to `search-docs` for API details.
## Process
Each step ends on a checkable completion criterion. Do not advance until it holds.
Fan out when you can. The sweep is embarrassingly parallel. If your environment can spawn subagents (a Task, dispatch, or equivalent tool), do Step 0 yourself, then hand each checklist group (A to J) and the architecture map to its own subagent. Each subagent runs the greps, reads a few representative files, and returns structured verdicts (dimension, verdict, evidence, proposed glob / title / note). You aggregate, dedupe, then run Steps 3 to 5. It is far faster on a real app. No subagents available? Run the steps in sequence, with the same bar and the same output.
### Step 0: Orient
Read `composer.json` (installed packages tell you which checklist groups apply), the `pint.json` / PHPStan / Rector config, `.ai/rules/index.md` if present, and most important, map the `app/` tree. List every directory under `app/` (and any `Modules/`, `src/`, `packages/`, or domain root). Every folder beyond Laravel's default skeleton (`Http`, `Models`, `Providers`, `Console`, `Exceptions`) is a structural pattern the app committed to and a high-value rule waiting to be written: `Actions`, `Services`, `Data` or DTOs, `Queries`, `Repositories`, `ViewModels`, `Pipelines`, `Support`, `Enums`, `Contracts`, `Observers`, or `Domain` and module roots. Note each one. You will confirm how it is used in Step 2.
This app ships a frontend stack, so the frontend checklist group applies. Sweep it.
Done when: you have the applicable checklist groups, the dimensions already recorded in `.ai/rules`, and a list of every non-default `app/` directory mapped to the pattern it represents.
### Step 1: Predefined sweep
Open `references/checklist.md` and work every applicable dimension using its search hints. Give each exactly one verdict:
- Pattern. Clears the bar, rival under ~20% of sites, and reflects a real choice (passes the decisions-not-defaults test). A recording candidate. Cite 2 to 3 example files.
- Conflict. Both styles present in meaningful numbers. Report the split with counts and example files. Never record a preferred winner while the code remains mixed, even in yolo, because that would describe an aspiration rather than reality. Record only if the user identifies a stable path or context boundary that explains both styles; otherwise defer until the code is reconciled.
- Default. Consistent, but a framework or common-practice default the agent already writes unprompted. Skip it as a no-op, not a convention.
- No signal. Under the bar: feature unused, or too few examples. Skip silently (one summary line at most).
- Tooling-owned or Already-recorded. Skip per the ground rules.
Done when: every applicable dimension carries exactly one of those verdicts.
### Step 2: Open-ended pass
First, close out the architecture map from Step 0. For every non-default `app/` directory you listed, confirm how the pattern is used and apply the same evidence and decisions-not-defaults tests as Step 1. Generator-standard or sparsely used directories such as `Rules`, `Observers`, `Mail`, and `Notifications` are signals to inspect, not automatic conventions. Make genuine structural patterns candidates: Action classes invoked via `handle` / `execute` / `__invoke`, Services constructor-injected, `Queries` objects exposing `builder(): Builder`, DTOs as readonly classes or spatie/laravel-data, module or domain folders as the unit of organization. Scope each qualifying pattern to its own directory glob. Also record a consistent deliberate absence, such as "no repository layer, controllers query Eloquent directly", so the next agent matches the app's altitude.
Then find what else makes this codebase itself: base or abstract classes most code extends, traits used everywhere, tenancy or authorization scoping woven through queries, naming schemes, and custom helpers. Same evidence bar, cite files. Record every genuine structural pattern, and cap the other house findings at ~5 so the pass stays high-signal.
Done when: every non-default `app/` directory from Step 0 has a verdict, and the pass has produced its cited house findings (or concluded there are none).
### Step 3: Confirm
Present every candidate in one batch. Per item: dimension, verdict, evidence (counts and files), and the exact proposed `glob` or `globs` / `title` / `note`. Conflicts are presented as questions about an existing context boundary or deferred cleanup, not as a choice of future style.
Default mode is confirm: record only what the user approves. Switch to yolo only when the invocation said so ("yolo", "don't ask", "just record them"), then record all pattern candidates without asking. Conflicts still go to the user in yolo.
Done when: every candidate is approved, rejected, or (conflicts) decided.
### Step 4: Record
Make one `record-rule` call for each glob an approved convention applies to. Choose the most specific globs that cover the cited evidence from the mapping table below; if a convention spans models and migrations, record it under both domains so agents discover it from either path. The `note` is the bare convention: strip every trace of detection (see the ground rule). If `record-rule` is unavailable (rules disabled), report the full rule text so the user can enable `BOOST_RULES_ENABLED` or add it by hand.
Record this:
> Accessors and mutators: use the legacy magic-method style (`getXxxAttribute()` / `setXxxAttribute()`), not the `Attribute` class. Match it in models.
Not this:
> Accessors/mutators use the legacy magic-method style; the `Attribute`-class style is not used anywhere (13 legacy, 0 Attribute-class), e.g. `app/Models/Post.php`. Match the legacy style in existing models.
Done when: every approved item has a successful tool response, and any failure is reported with its rule text.
### Step 5: Summarize
List recorded rules (file and title), conflicts the user deferred, notable no-signals, and remind the user to commit `.ai/rules` so their team and agents share the conventions.
## Glob mapping
Attach each rule to the most specific path that covers its evidence. Never a lazy `app/**` when a subtree fits. Match the glob to where the code actually lives, which is not the same in a default skeleton and in a modular or DDD layout. Use the Step 0 `app/` map to pick the real path.
Examples:
- Models: `app/Models/**` in a default app, or `app/Modules/Blog/Models/**` / `src/Domain/Blog/**` in a modular one.
- Controllers, routing, validation, responses: `app/Http/**`, or `app/Modules/*/Http/**` when each module owns its HTTP layer.
- Actions, Services, DTOs: `app/Actions/**`, `app/Services/**`, `app/Data/**`, or the module path the app actually uses.
- Tests: `tests/**`.
- Migrations and database: `database/migrations/**`.
- Truly app-wide (rare, e.g. auth retrieval): `app/**`.
`record-rule` takes one glob. When a convention genuinely spans two domains (e.g. UUID keys touch models and migrations), call it once per domain with the same title and note; mentioning another path in the note does not make the rule discoverable there.
## Edge cases
- Rules disabled or `record-rule` missing: detection is read-only, so Steps 0 to 3 still run, and recording falls back to the manual path in Step 4.
- Tiny or fresh app: most dimensions land on no-signal. Say so honestly ("not enough code to infer conventions yet") and record nothing.
- Huge app: each dimension is a bounded grep plus a handful of file reads. Sample representative files, do not read everything.
- Re-runs: reading `.ai/rules` in Step 0 makes re-runs incremental, so only new or undecided dimensions surface.
- Non-standard layout (modules, DDD): the open-ended pass catches the layout itself as convention #1. Adapt the globs in the mapping table to the observed paths.
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
# Detection Checklist
Every dimension here is a genuine fork: Laravel offers two or more valid approaches, the app's choice changes what the next agent writes, and no active project tool can pick for you. Left out on purpose: pure formatting (Pint owns it), any form an installed and enabled Rector rule rewrites to one canonical shape (`$casts` to `casts()`, `$fillable` to attributes, pipe-string rules to arrays, named to anonymous migrations, `$signature` to `#[Signature]`), and framework defaults any agent writes unprompted (`ShouldQueue` jobs, relation return types, `HasFactory`).
Each item gives the fork, then a hint (a grep or dir to spot which side the app takes). Hints are only a start. Read the matched files, never record on a raw count. Apply the ground rules to every verdict: a consistent choice that is a default or a tool's target form is not a pattern. Rows tagged (architecture) are the highest-signal, so record presence and deliberate absence.
---
## A. Validation & HTTP input
1. Validation entry point: inline `$request->validate()` vs Form Request classes vs `Validator::make()`.
- Hint: `ls app/Http/Requests`; grep `->validate(` / `Validator::make(` in `app/Http/Controllers`.
2. Custom rule location: invokable rule objects in `app/Rules` vs inline closures vs `Validator::extend()` in a provider. Rule objects are the default `make:rule` path, so record only if the app leans on closures or `Validator::extend` instead. "No rule objects" alone is just no-signal.
- Hint: `ls app/Rules`; grep `Validator::extend` in `app/Providers`.
3. Typed input retrieval: typed getters (`$request->string()`, `->integer()`, `->enum()`, `->date()`) vs raw `$request->input()` / dynamic properties.
- Hint: grep `->string(` / `->integer(` / `->enum(` vs `->input(` in `app/Http`.
4. Custom messages/attributes: `lang/*/validation.php` vs Form Request `messages()` / `attributes()` methods.
- Hint: `ls lang`; grep `function messages`, `function attributes` in `app/Http/Requests`.
## B. Controllers & routing
5. Controller shape: invokable single-action (`__invoke`) vs resource controllers vs plain multi-method.
- Hint: grep `__invoke` in controllers; `Route::resource` / `apiResource` vs verb routes.
6. Business-logic location (architecture): fat controllers vs delegated to Actions / Services / Jobs.
- Hint: read a few controller methods; `ls app/Actions app/Services`.
7. Route handler style: closures in `routes/*.php` vs controller classes.
- Hint: count `function ()` vs `::class` in `routes/web.php`, `routes/api.php`.
8. Middleware assignment: route/group `->middleware()` vs controller `HasMiddleware::middleware()` vs `#[Middleware]` attribute.
- Hint: grep `implements HasMiddleware`, `#[Middleware(` in controllers vs `->middleware(` in routes.
9. Route model binding: implicit (type-hinted models) vs explicit `Route::bind` vs manual `findOrFail`.
- Hint: typed model params in signatures vs `findOrFail(` in controllers; grep `Route::bind`.
10. Rate limiting: named `RateLimiter::for()` + `throttle:name` vs inline `throttle:60,1`.
- Hint: grep `RateLimiter::for` in providers vs `throttle:` in route files.
## C. Authorization
11. Authorization home: Gates (`Gate::define`) vs Policy classes in `app/Policies`.
- Hint: `ls app/Policies`; grep `Gate::define` in `app/Providers`.
12. Authorization call site: `$this->authorize()` / `Gate::authorize()` vs `$user->can()` vs `can` middleware vs `#[Authorize]` vs `@can` in Blade.
- Hint: grep `authorize(`, `->can(`, `middleware('can:`, `#[Authorize(`, `@can(`.
## D. Eloquent & models
13. Mass assignment: `$fillable` allow-list vs `$guarded` block-list.
- Hint: grep `protected $fillable` / `protected $guarded` in `app/Models`.
14. Accessors/mutators: modern `Attribute` class vs legacy `getXxxAttribute()` / `setXxxAttribute()`. Record a legacy hold, it goes against the tool's grain.
- Hint: grep `: Attribute` / `Attribute::make` vs `function get[A-Z].*Attribute` in `app/Models`.
15. Primary keys: auto-increment vs `HasUuids` vs `HasUlids`.
- Hint: grep `HasUuids` / `HasUlids` in `app/Models`; migration `id()` vs `uuid('id')`.
16. Custom casts: dedicated `CastsAttributes` classes (`app/Casts`) vs inline `Attribute` vs built-in cast strings.
- Hint: `ls app/Casts`; grep `Cast::class`, `AsStringable::class` in models.
17. Data/query layer (architecture): Eloquent directly in controllers vs repositories vs dedicated query objects (e.g. classes exposing `builder(): Builder`).
- Hint: `ls app/Repositories app/Queries`; see where non-trivial queries are built.
18. Query scopes: local `scope`/`#[Scope]` methods vs dedicated builder classes.
- Hint: grep `function scope` / `#[Scope]` in models; `ls app/*/Builders`.
19. Model events: observers (`app/Observers`, `#[ObservedBy]`) vs `booted()` closures vs event classes.
- Hint: `ls app/Observers`; grep `booted`, `::observe`, `#[ObservedBy]`.
20. Eager-load posture: explicit per-query `->with()` vs model-level `$with` defaults. Treat `preventLazyLoading()` separately as a development guard because it can complement either posture.
- Hint: grep `protected $with`, `->with(`, and separately `preventLazyLoading` in `app/`.
## E. Architecture & organization
21. Action/Service structure (architecture): Action classes (invoked via `handle` / `execute` / `__invoke`) vs service objects vs neither. Cross-check the Step 0 `app/` map: any `Actions`/`Services`/`Pipelines`/`Jobs`-as-actions folder is this pattern, so record how it is invoked.
- Hint: `ls app/` (the whole tree, not just `Actions`/`Services`); grep the invocation method in the folder you find.
22. DTOs (architecture): spatie/laravel-data vs plain readonly classes vs arrays everywhere.
- Hint: `ls app/Data`; grep `extends Data`, `readonly class` in `app/`.
23. Dependency acquisition: constructor/method injection vs `app()` / `resolve()` / `App::make()` service location.
- Hint: grep `app(` / `resolve(` / `::make(` in `app/` vs promoted constructor deps.
24. Decoupling: events + listeners vs direct service calls.
- Hint: `ls app/Events app/Listeners`; grep `event(`, `::dispatch(`.
25. Helper vs facade idiom: global helpers (`config()`, `auth()`, `response()`) vs facades (`Config::`, `Auth::`, `Response::`).
- Hint: ratio of `config(` vs `Config::` (etc.) across `app/`.
26. Namespace layout (architecture): default `app/` skeleton vs domain/module folders (`app/Domain/**`, modules).
- Hint: `ls app/`, look for `Domain/`, `Modules/`, bounded-context folders.
27. Enums: backed vs pure; case naming; where they live.
- Hint: `ls app/Enums`; grep `enum .*: string`, `enum .*: int`.
## F. Frontend & views
This app ships a frontend stack, so the items below apply.
28. Frontend stack: Blade+Livewire vs Inertia (Vue/React/Svelte) vs Blade-only / API + separate SPA.
- Hint: `composer.json` + `package.json`; `ls resources/js/pages`, `resources/views`.
29. Blade composition: class `<x-*>` components vs anonymous components (`@props`) vs `@include` partials.
- Hint: `ls app/View/Components`; grep `<x-`, `@include` in `resources/views`.
32. Localization: short keys (`lang/*/*.php` + `__('messages.welcome')`) vs JSON string keys (`lang/*.json` + `__('Full sentence')`).
- Hint: `ls lang`; grep dotted `__('` vs sentence keys.
## G. Database & migrations
33. Foreign keys: `foreignId()->constrained()` vs `foreignIdFor(Model::class)` vs manual `foreign()->references()->on()`.
- Hint: grep `foreignId(`, `foreignIdFor(`, `->foreign(` in `database/migrations`.
34. `down()` methods: real reverse logic vs omitted / one-way migrations.
- Hint: grep `function down` vs the migration count.
35. Enum storage: DB `enum()` column vs `string()` + PHP-enum cast on the model.
- Hint: grep `->enum(` in migrations vs string columns cast to enums.
36. Transactions: `DB::transaction(fn ...)` closure vs manual `beginTransaction` / `commit` / `rollBack`.
- Hint: grep `DB::transaction`, `beginTransaction` in `app/`.
37. Idempotent writes: `upsert` / `updateOrCreate` / `firstOrCreate` vs find-then-save.
- Hint: grep `upsert(`, `updateOrCreate(`, `firstOrCreate(` in `app/`.
## H. Testing
38. Framework: Pest (`it()` / `test()` / `expect()`) vs PHPUnit classes.
- Hint: `ls tests/Pest.php`; grep `it(` / `test(` vs `extends TestCase`.
39. DB reset: `RefreshDatabase` vs `DatabaseTruncation` vs `DatabaseMigrations`.
- Hint: grep those trait names in `tests/`.
40. Fixtures: compare how equivalent test-owned records are created, such as factories vs manual inserts. Track seeders separately for shared reference data because `$this->seed()` commonly and legitimately coexists with factories.
- Hint: grep `::factory(` and direct inserts in `tests/`; separately inspect `$this->seed(` calls and what those seeders provide.
41. Collaborator isolation: how the app doubles its own classes, Mockery `mock()` / `spy()` vs real integration. Ignore facade fakes like `Mail::fake()` here, they isolate framework services by default and are not a fork against Mockery.
- Hint: grep `->mock(`, `->spy(`, `Mockery::` in `tests/`.
42. Endpoint assertions: array `assertJson([...])` / `assertJsonFragment` vs fluent `AssertableJson`.
- Hint: grep `AssertableJson`, `assertJsonFragment` in `tests/`.
## I. Responses & API resources
43. Response shape: API Resource classes vs `response()->json()` vs returning models/arrays directly.
- Hint: `ls app/Http/Resources`; grep `JsonResource`, `->json(` in controllers.
44. Resource relationship inclusion: `whenLoaded()` guards vs unconditional relationship access. Do not count ordinary scalar attributes as rivals to conditional relationships, and evaluate general `when()` fields separately.
- Hint: compare relationship fields using `whenLoaded(` with unconditional relationship property access in `app/Http/Resources`.
45. Pagination contracts: within comparable endpoint categories, length-aware `paginate()` vs `simplePaginate()` vs `cursorPaginate()`. These have different totals, navigation, ordering, and performance contracts, so record only a stable path-scoped API policy, never a project-wide majority.
- Hint: grep those in `app/`, then group matches by endpoint type and client contract before comparing them.
46. Web redirects/URLs: `route('name')` vs `url('/path')` vs `action([...])`.
- Hint: grep `route('`, `url('/`, `action([` in `app/Http` and views.
## J. Strings, collections & dates
47. Iteration idiom: `collect()->map()->filter()` pipelines vs `array_map` / `foreach`.
- Hint: grep `collect(`, `->map(` vs `array_map`, `foreach` density in `app/`.
48. String API: fluent `Str::of()->...` (Stringable) vs static `Str::` vs native (`trim`, `strtoupper`).
- Hint: grep `Str::of(` vs `Str::` vs native string funcs.
49. Dates: compare equivalent construction call styles (`now()` / `today()` helpers vs `Carbon::`) separately from the application's mutable/immutable date policy. `Date::use(CarbonImmutable::class)` can make helpers return immutable dates, so those signals are complementary rather than conflicting.
- Hint: grep `now(` and `Carbon::` for call style; separately inspect `CarbonImmutable` and `Date::use` for mutability policy.
---
Genuine forks only. Every row survived the "no tool can decide this, and it isn't the default" filter. Give each applicable dimension exactly one verdict: pattern, conflict, default, no-signal, tooling-owned, or already-recorded. The rows tagged (architecture) are where the highest-value rules come from.
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
---
name: laravel-best-practices
description: "Apply this skill whenever writing, reviewing, or refactoring Laravel PHP code. This includes creating or modifying controllers, models, migrations, form requests, policies, jobs, scheduled commands, service classes, and Eloquent queries. Triggers for N+1 and query performance issues, caching strategies, authorization and security patterns, validation, error handling, queue and job configuration, route definitions, and architectural decisions. Also use for Laravel code reviews and refactoring existing Laravel code to follow best practices. Covers any task involving Laravel backend PHP code patterns."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Laravel Best Practices
Best practices for Laravel, organized as an index of rule files. Each rule file teaches what to do and why. For exact API syntax, verify with `search-docs`.
## Consistency First
Before applying any rule, check what the application already does. Laravel offers multiple valid approaches, and the best choice is the one the codebase already uses, even if another pattern would be theoretically better. Inconsistency is worse than a suboptimal pattern.
Check sibling files, related controllers, models, or tests for established patterns. If one exists, follow it. Don't introduce a second way. These rules are defaults for when no pattern exists yet, not overrides.
## How to Apply
1. Check the changed files, nearby code, project configuration, and relevant tests for established patterns. Deviate only for a correctness or security defect, and call the deviation out.
2. Map every affected concern to the rule index below. Read each mapped rule file before editing. Skip unrelated rule files.
3. Make the smallest coherent change. Keep the application's architecture and naming instead of introducing a second pattern for the same job.
4. Verify version-sensitive Laravel APIs for the installed version with `search-docs`, or inspect the installed framework when it is unavailable.
5. Run the narrowest relevant tests first, then the project's formatting and static-analysis checks when the change warrants them.
6. Re-read the diff against every mapped rule before finishing.
## Rule Index
Cross-cutting changes often need more than one rule file.
| Concern | Read |
| --- | --- |
| Query count, eager loading, indexes, large datasets | [`rules/db-performance.md`](rules/db-performance.md) |
| Subqueries, aggregates, complex ordering and query plans | [`rules/advanced-queries.md`](rules/advanced-queries.md) |
| Models, relationships, scopes, casts | [`rules/eloquent.md`](rules/eloquent.md) |
| Authentication, authorization, input safety, secrets, uploads | [`rules/security.md`](rules/security.md) |
| Form Requests and validation rules | [`rules/validation.md`](rules/validation.md) |
| Controllers, route binding, resources, middleware | [`rules/routing.md`](rules/routing.md) |
| Schema changes, columns, foreign keys, indexes | [`rules/migrations.md`](rules/migrations.md) |
| Jobs, retries, uniqueness, batches, Horizon | [`rules/queue-jobs.md`](rules/queue-jobs.md) |
| Cache lifetime, invalidation, locks, memoization | [`rules/caching.md`](rules/caching.md) |
| Outbound requests, retries, timeouts, fakes | [`rules/http-client.md`](rules/http-client.md) |
| Exceptions, reporting, rendering, log context | [`rules/error-handling.md`](rules/error-handling.md) |
| Events and notifications | [`rules/events-notifications.md`](rules/events-notifications.md) |
| Mailables and mail assertions | [`rules/mail.md`](rules/mail.md) |
| Scheduled tasks and overlap protection | [`rules/scheduling.md`](rules/scheduling.md) |
| Collections, lazy iteration, bulk operations | [`rules/collections.md`](rules/collections.md) |
| Blade components, attributes, composers | [`rules/blade-views.md`](rules/blade-views.md) |
| Environment values and application configuration | [`rules/config.md`](rules/config.md) |
| Pest/PHPUnit patterns, factories, fakes | [`rules/testing.md`](rules/testing.md) |
| Naming, helpers, file boundaries, PHP style | [`rules/style.md`](rules/style.md) |
| Actions, services, dependencies, application structure | [`rules/architecture.md`](rules/architecture.md) |
## Decision Rules
- Prefer framework features and existing application abstractions over new helpers or dependencies.
- Avoid speculative abstractions. Extract code when it creates a clear domain boundary, removes meaningful duplication, or makes behavior independently testable.
- Keep database access out of Blade views and prevent hidden N+1 queries across controllers, resources, jobs, and serialization.
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
# Advanced Query Patterns
## Use `addSelect()` Subqueries for Single Values from Has-Many
Instead of eager-loading an entire has-many relationship for a single value (like the latest timestamp), use a correlated subquery via `addSelect()`. This pulls the value directly in the main SQL query — zero extra queries.
```php
public function scopeWithLastLoginAt($query): void
{
$query->addSelect([
'last_login_at' => Login::select('created_at')
->whereColumn('user_id', 'users.id')
->latest()
->take(1),
])->withCasts(['last_login_at' => 'datetime']);
}
```
## Create Dynamic Relationships via Subquery FK
Extend the `addSelect()` pattern to fetch a foreign key via subquery, then define a `belongsTo` relationship on that virtual attribute. This provides a fully-hydrated related model without loading the entire collection.
```php
public function lastLogin(): BelongsTo
{
return $this->belongsTo(Login::class);
}
public function scopeWithLastLogin($query): void
{
$query->addSelect([
'last_login_id' => Login::select('id')
->whereColumn('user_id', 'users.id')
->latest()
->take(1),
])->with('lastLogin');
}
```
## Use Conditional Aggregates Instead of Multiple Count Queries
Replace N separate `count()` queries with a single query using `CASE WHEN` inside `selectRaw()`. Use `toBase()` to skip model hydration when you only need scalar values.
```php
$statuses = Feature::toBase()
->selectRaw("count(case when status = 'Requested' then 1 end) as requested")
->selectRaw("count(case when status = 'Planned' then 1 end) as planned")
->selectRaw("count(case when status = 'Completed' then 1 end) as completed")
->first();
```
## Use `setRelation()` to Prevent Circular N+1
When a parent model is eager-loaded with its children, and the view also needs `$child->parent`, use `setRelation()` to inject the already-loaded parent rather than letting Eloquent fire N additional queries.
```php
$feature->load('comments.user');
$feature->comments->each->setRelation('feature', $feature);
```
## Prefer `whereIn` + Subquery Over `whereHas`
`whereHas()` emits a correlated `EXISTS` subquery that re-executes per row. Using `whereIn()` with a `select('id')` subquery lets the database use an index lookup instead, without loading data into PHP memory.
Incorrect (correlated EXISTS re-executes per row):
```php
$query->whereHas('company', fn ($q) => $q->where('name', 'like', $term));
```
Correct (index-friendly subquery, no PHP memory overhead):
```php
$query->whereIn('company_id', Company::where('name', 'like', $term)->select('id'));
```
## Sometimes Two Simple Queries Beat One Complex Query
Running a small, targeted secondary query and passing its results via `whereIn` is often faster than a single complex correlated subquery or join. The additional round-trip is worthwhile when the secondary query is highly selective and uses its own index.
## Use Compound Indexes Matching `orderBy` Column Order
When ordering by multiple columns, create a single compound index in the same column order as the `ORDER BY` clause. Individual single-column indexes cannot combine for multi-column sorts — the database will filesort without a compound index.
```php
// Migration
$table->index(['last_name', 'first_name']);
// Query — column order must match the index
User::query()->orderBy('last_name')->orderBy('first_name')->paginate();
```
## Use Correlated Subqueries for Has-Many Ordering
When sorting by a value from a has-many relationship, avoid joins (they duplicate rows). Use a correlated subquery inside `orderBy()` instead, paired with an `addSelect` scope for eager loading.
```php
public function scopeOrderByLastLogin($query): void
{
$query->orderByDesc(Login::select('created_at')
->whereColumn('user_id', 'users.id')
->latest()
->take(1)
);
}
```
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
# Architecture Best Practices
## Single-Purpose Action Classes
Extract discrete business operations into invokable Action classes.
```php
class CreateOrderAction
{
public function __construct(private InventoryService $inventory) {}
public function handle(array $data): Order
{
$order = Order::create($data);
$this->inventory->reserve($order);
return $order;
}
}
```
## Use Dependency Injection
Always use constructor injection. Avoid `app()` or `resolve()` inside classes.
Incorrect:
```php
class OrderController extends Controller
{
public function store(StoreOrderRequest $request)
{
$service = app(OrderService::class);
return $service->create($request->validated());
}
}
```
Correct:
```php
class OrderController extends Controller
{
public function __construct(private OrderService $service) {}
public function store(StoreOrderRequest $request)
{
return $this->service->create($request->validated());
}
}
```
## Code to Interfaces
Depend on contracts at system boundaries (payment gateways, notification channels, external APIs) for testability and swappability.
Incorrect (concrete dependency):
```php
class OrderService
{
public function __construct(private StripeGateway $gateway) {}
}
```
Correct (interface dependency):
```php
interface PaymentGateway
{
public function charge(int $amount, string $customerId): PaymentResult;
}
class OrderService
{
public function __construct(private PaymentGateway $gateway) {}
}
```
Bind in a service provider:
```php
$this->app->bind(PaymentGateway::class, StripeGateway::class);
```
## Default Sort by Descending
When no explicit order is specified, sort by `id` or `created_at` descending. Without an explicit `ORDER BY`, row order is undefined.
Incorrect:
```php
$posts = Post::paginate();
```
Correct:
```php
$posts = Post::latest()->paginate();
```
## Use Atomic Locks for Race Conditions
Prevent race conditions with `Cache::lock()` or `lockForUpdate()`.
```php
Cache::lock('order-processing-'.$order->id, 10)->block(5, function () use ($order) {
$order->process();
});
// Or at query level
$product = Product::where('id', $id)->lockForUpdate()->first();
```
## Use `mb_*` String Functions
When no Laravel helper exists, prefer `mb_strlen`, `mb_strtolower`, etc. for UTF-8 safety. Standard PHP string functions count bytes, not characters.
Incorrect:
```php
strlen('José'); // 5 (bytes, not characters)
strtolower('MÜNCHEN'); // 'mÜnchen' — fails on multibyte
```
Correct:
```php
mb_strlen('José'); // 4 (characters)
mb_strtolower('MÜNCHEN'); // 'münchen'
// Prefer Laravel's Str helpers when available
Str::length('José'); // 4
Str::lower('MÜNCHEN'); // 'münchen'
```
## Use `defer()` for Post-Response Work
For lightweight tasks that don't need to survive a crash (logging, analytics, cleanup), use `defer()` instead of dispatching a job. The callback runs after the HTTP response is sent — no queue overhead.
Incorrect (job overhead for trivial work):
```php
dispatch(new LogPageView($page));
```
Correct (runs after response, same process):
```php
defer(fn () => PageView::create(['page_id' => $page->id, 'user_id' => auth()->id()]));
```
Use jobs when the work must survive process crashes or needs retry logic. Use `defer()` for fire-and-forget work.
## Use `Context` for Request-Scoped Data
The `Context` facade passes data through the entire request lifecycle — middleware, controllers, jobs, logs — without passing arguments manually.
```php
// In middleware
Context::add('tenant_id', $request->header('X-Tenant-ID'));
// Anywhere later — controllers, jobs, log context
$tenantId = Context::get('tenant_id');
```
Context data automatically propagates to queued jobs and is included in log entries. Use `Context::addHidden()` for sensitive data that should be available in queued jobs but excluded from log context. If data must not leave the current process, do not store it in `Context`.
## Use `Concurrency::run()` for Parallel Execution
Run independent operations in parallel using child processes — no async libraries needed.
```php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Concurrency;
[$users, $orders] = Concurrency::run([
fn () => User::count(),
fn () => Order::where('status', 'pending')->count(),
]);
```
Each closure runs in a separate process with full Laravel access. Use for independent database queries, API calls, or computations that would otherwise run sequentially.
## Convention Over Configuration
Follow Laravel conventions. Don't override defaults unnecessarily.
Incorrect:
```php
class Customer extends Model
{
protected $table = 'Customer';
protected $primaryKey = 'customer_id';
public function roles(): BelongsToMany
{
return $this->belongsToMany(Role::class, 'role_customer', 'customer_id', 'role_id');
}
}
```
Correct:
```php
class Customer extends Model
{
public function roles(): BelongsToMany
{
return $this->belongsToMany(Role::class);
}
}
```
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
# Blade & Views Best Practices
## Use `$attributes->merge()` in Component Templates
Hardcoding classes prevents consumers from adding their own. `merge()` combines class attributes cleanly.
```blade
<div {{ $attributes->merge(['class' => 'alert alert-'.$type]) }}>
{{ $message }}
</div>
```
## Use `@pushOnce` for Per-Component Scripts
If a component renders inside a `@foreach`, `@push` inserts the script N times. `@pushOnce` guarantees it's included exactly once.
## Prefer Blade Components Over `@include`
`@include` shares all parent variables implicitly (hidden coupling). Components have explicit props, attribute bags, and slots.
## Use View Composers for Shared View Data
If every controller rendering a sidebar must pass `$categories`, that's duplicated code. A View Composer centralizes it.
## Use Blade Fragments for Partial Re-Renders (htmx/Turbo)
A single view can return either the full page or just a fragment, keeping routing clean.
```php
return view('dashboard', compact('users'))
->fragmentIf($request->hasHeader('HX-Request'), 'user-list');
```
## Use `@aware` for Deeply Nested Component Props
Avoids re-passing parent props through every level of nested components.
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
# Caching Best Practices
## Use `Cache::remember()` Instead of Manual Get/Put
Cleaner cache-aside pattern that removes boilerplate. use `Cache::lock()` for race conditions.
Incorrect:
```php
$val = Cache::get('stats');
if (! $val) {
$val = $this->computeStats();
Cache::put('stats', $val, 60);
}
```
Correct:
```php
$val = Cache::remember('stats', 60, fn () => $this->computeStats());
```
## Use `Cache::flexible()` for Stale-While-Revalidate
On high-traffic keys, one user always gets a slow response when the cache expires. `flexible()` serves slightly stale data while refreshing in the background.
Incorrect: `Cache::remember('users', 300, fn () => User::all());`
Correct: `Cache::flexible('users', [300, 600], fn () => User::all());` — fresh for 5 min, stale-but-served up to 10 min, refreshes via deferred function.
## Use `Cache::memo()` to Avoid Redundant Hits Within a Request
If the same cache key is read multiple times per request (e.g., a service called from multiple places), `memo()` stores the resolved value in memory.
`Cache::memo()->get('settings');` — 5 calls = 1 Redis round-trip instead of 5.
## Use Cache Tags to Invalidate Related Groups
Without tags, invalidating a group of entries requires tracking every key. Tags let you flush atomically. Only works with `redis`, `memcached`, `dynamodb` — not `file` or `database`.
```php
Cache::tags(['user-1'])->flush();
```
## Use `Cache::add()` for Atomic Conditional Writes
`add()` only writes if the key does not exist — atomic, no race condition between checking and writing.
Incorrect: `if (! Cache::has('lock')) { Cache::put('lock', true, 10); }`
Correct: `Cache::add('lock', true, 10);`
## Use `once()` for Per-Request Memoization
`once()` memoizes a function's return value for the lifetime of the object (or request for closures). Unlike `Cache::memo()`, it doesn't hit the cache store at all — pure in-memory.
```php
public function roles(): Collection
{
return once(fn () => $this->loadRoles());
}
```
Multiple calls return the cached result without re-executing. Use `once()` for expensive computations called multiple times per request. Use `Cache::memo()` when you also want cross-request caching.
## Configure Failover Cache Stores in Production
If Redis goes down, the app falls back to a secondary store automatically.
```php
'failover' => ['driver' => 'failover', 'stores' => ['redis', 'database']],
```
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
# Collection Best Practices
## Use Higher-Order Messages for Simple Operations
Incorrect:
```php
$users->each(function (User $user) {
$user->markAsVip();
});
```
Correct: `$users->each->markAsVip();`
Works with `each`, `map`, `sum`, `filter`, `reject`, `contains`, etc.
## Choose `cursor()` vs. `lazy()` Correctly
- `cursor()` — one model in memory, but cannot eager-load relationships (N+1 risk).
- `lazy()` — chunked pagination returning a flat LazyCollection, supports eager loading.
Incorrect: `User::with('roles')->cursor()` — eager loading silently ignored.
Correct: `User::with('roles')->lazy()` for relationship access; `User::cursor()` for attribute-only work.
## Use `lazyById()` When Updating Records While Iterating
`lazy()` uses offset pagination — updating records during iteration can skip or double-process. `lazyById()` uses `id > last_id`, safe against mutation.
## Use `toQuery()` for Bulk Operations on Collections
Avoids manual `whereIn` construction.
Incorrect: `User::whereIn('id', $users->pluck('id'))->update([...]);`
Correct: `$users->toQuery()->update([...]);`
## Use `#[CollectedBy]` for Custom Collection Classes
More declarative than overriding `newCollection()`.
```php
#[CollectedBy(UserCollection::class)]
class User extends Model {}
```
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
# Configuration Best Practices
## `env()` Only in Config Files
Direct `env()` calls may return `null` when config is cached.
Incorrect:
```php
$key = env('API_KEY');
```
Correct:
```php
// config/services.php
'key' => env('API_KEY'),
// Application code
$key = config('services.key');
```
## Use Encrypted Env or External Secrets
Never store production secrets in plain `.env` files in version control.
Incorrect:
```bash
# .env committed to repo or shared in Slack
STRIPE_SECRET=sk_live_abc123
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=wJalrXUtnFEMI
```
Correct:
```bash
php artisan env:encrypt --env=production --readable
php artisan env:decrypt --env=production
```
For cloud deployments, prefer the platform's native secret store (AWS Secrets Manager, Vault, etc.) and inject at runtime.
## Use `App::environment()` for Environment Checks
Incorrect:
```php
if (env('APP_ENV') === 'production') {
```
Correct:
```php
if (app()->isProduction()) {
// or
if (App::environment('production')) {
```
## Use Constants and Language Files
Use class constants instead of hardcoded magic strings for model states, types, and statuses.
```php
// Incorrect
return $this->type === 'normal';
// Correct
return $this->type === self::TYPE_NORMAL;
```
If the application already uses language files for localization, use `__()` for user-facing strings too. Do not introduce language files purely for English-only apps — simple string literals are fine there.
```php
// Only when lang files already exist in the project
return back()->with('message', __('app.article_added'));
```
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
# Database Performance Best Practices
## Always Eager Load Relationships
Lazy loading causes N+1 query problems — one query per loop iteration. Always use `with()` to load relationships upfront.
Incorrect (N+1 — executes 1 + N queries):
```php
$posts = Post::all();
foreach ($posts as $post) {
echo $post->author->name;
}
```
Correct (2 queries total):
```php
$posts = Post::with('author')->get();
foreach ($posts as $post) {
echo $post->author->name;
}
```
Constrain eager loads to select only needed columns (always include the foreign key):
```php
$users = User::with(['posts' => function ($query) {
$query->select('id', 'user_id', 'title')
->where('published', true)
->latest()
->limit(10);
}])->get();
```
## Prevent Lazy Loading in Development
Enable this in `AppServiceProvider::boot()` to catch N+1 issues during development.
```php
public function boot(): void
{
Model::preventLazyLoading(! app()->isProduction());
}
```
Throws `LazyLoadingViolationException` when a relationship is accessed without being eager-loaded.
## Select Only Needed Columns
Avoid `SELECT *` — especially when tables have large text or JSON columns.
Incorrect:
```php
$posts = Post::with('author')->get();
```
Correct:
```php
$posts = Post::select('id', 'title', 'user_id', 'created_at')
->with(['author:id,name,avatar'])
->get();
```
When selecting columns on eager-loaded relationships, always include the foreign key column or the relationship won't match.
## Chunk Large Datasets
Never load thousands of records at once. Use chunking for batch processing.
Incorrect:
```php
$users = User::all();
foreach ($users as $user) {
$user->notify(new WeeklyDigest);
}
```
Correct:
```php
User::where('subscribed', true)->chunk(200, function ($users) {
foreach ($users as $user) {
$user->notify(new WeeklyDigest);
}
});
```
Use `chunkById()` when modifying records during iteration — standard `chunk()` uses OFFSET which shifts when rows change:
```php
User::where('active', false)->chunkById(200, function ($users) {
$users->each->delete();
});
```
## Add Database Indexes
Index columns that appear in `WHERE`, `ORDER BY`, `JOIN`, and `GROUP BY` clauses.
Incorrect:
```php
Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained();
$table->string('status');
$table->timestamps();
});
```
Correct:
```php
Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->foreignId('user_id')->index()->constrained();
$table->string('status')->index();
$table->timestamps();
$table->index(['status', 'created_at']);
});
```
Add composite indexes for common query patterns (e.g., `WHERE status = ? ORDER BY created_at`).
## Use `withCount()` for Counting Relations
Never load entire collections just to count them.
Incorrect:
```php
$posts = Post::all();
foreach ($posts as $post) {
echo $post->comments->count();
}
```
Correct:
```php
$posts = Post::withCount('comments')->get();
foreach ($posts as $post) {
echo $post->comments_count;
}
```
Conditional counting:
```php
$posts = Post::withCount([
'comments',
'comments as approved_comments_count' => function ($query) {
$query->where('approved', true);
},
])->get();
```
## Use `cursor()` for Memory-Efficient Iteration
For read-only iteration over large result sets, `cursor()` loads one record at a time via a PHP generator.
Incorrect:
```php
$users = User::where('active', true)->get();
```
Correct:
```php
foreach (User::where('active', true)->cursor() as $user) {
ProcessUser::dispatch($user->id);
}
```
Use `cursor()` for read-only iteration. Use `chunk()` / `chunkById()` when modifying records.
## No Queries in Blade Templates
Never execute queries in Blade templates. Pass data from controllers.
Incorrect:
```blade
@foreach (User::all() as $user)
{{ $user->profile->name }}
@endforeach
```
Correct:
```php
// Controller
$users = User::with('profile')->get();
return view('users.index', compact('users'));
```
```blade
@foreach ($users as $user)
{{ $user->profile->name }}
@endforeach
```
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
# Eloquent Best Practices
## Use Correct Relationship Types
Use `hasMany`, `belongsTo`, `morphMany`, etc. with proper return type hints.
```php
public function comments(): HasMany
{
return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
}
public function author(): BelongsTo
{
return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id');
}
```
## Use Local Scopes for Reusable Queries
Extract reusable query constraints into local scopes to avoid duplication.
Incorrect:
```php
$active = User::where('verified', true)->whereNotNull('activated_at')->get();
$articles = Article::whereHas('user', function ($q) {
$q->where('verified', true)->whereNotNull('activated_at');
})->get();
```
Correct:
```php
#[Scope]
protected function active(Builder $query): Builder
{
return $query->where('verified', true)->whereNotNull('activated_at');
}
// Usage
$active = User::active()->get();
$articles = Article::whereHas('user', fn ($q) => $q->active())->get();
```
## Apply Global Scopes Sparingly
Global scopes silently modify every query on the model, making debugging difficult. Prefer local scopes and reserve global scopes for truly universal constraints like soft deletes or multi-tenancy.
Incorrect (global scope for a conditional filter):
```php
class PublishedScope implements Scope
{
public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model): void
{
$builder->where('published', true);
}
}
// Now admin panels, reports, and background jobs all silently skip drafts
```
Correct (local scope you opt into):
```php
#[Scope]
protected function published(Builder $query): Builder
{
return $query->where('published', true);
}
Post::published()->paginate(); // Explicit
Post::paginate(); // Admin sees all
```
## Define Attribute Casts
Use the `casts()` method (or `$casts` property following project convention) for automatic type conversion.
```php
protected function casts(): array
{
return [
'is_active' => 'boolean',
'metadata' => 'array',
'total' => 'decimal:2',
];
}
```
## Cast Date Columns Properly
Always cast date columns. Use Carbon instances in templates instead of formatting strings manually.
Incorrect:
```blade
{{ Carbon::createFromFormat('Y-d-m H-i', $order->ordered_at)->toDateString() }}
```
Correct:
```php
protected function casts(): array
{
return [
'ordered_at' => 'datetime',
];
}
```
```blade
{{ $order->ordered_at->toDateString() }}
{{ $order->ordered_at->format('m-d') }}
```
## Use `whereBelongsTo()` for Relationship Queries
Cleaner than manually specifying foreign keys.
Incorrect:
```php
Post::where('user_id', $user->id)->get();
```
Correct:
```php
Post::whereBelongsTo($user)->get();
Post::whereBelongsTo($user, 'author')->get();
```
## Avoid Hardcoded Table Names in Queries
Never use string literals for table names in raw queries, joins, or subqueries. Hardcoded table names make it impossible to find all places a model is used and break refactoring (e.g., renaming a table requires hunting through every raw string).
Incorrect:
```php
DB::table('users')->where('active', true)->get();
$query->join('companies', 'companies.id', '=', 'users.company_id');
DB::select('SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = ?', ['pending']);
```
Correct — reference the model's table:
```php
DB::table((new User)->getTable())->where('active', true)->get();
// Even better — use Eloquent or the query builder instead of raw SQL
User::where('active', true)->get();
Order::where('status', 'pending')->get();
```
Prefer Eloquent queries and relationships over `DB::table()` whenever possible — they already reference the model's table. When `DB::table()` or raw joins are unavoidable, always use `(new Model)->getTable()` to keep the reference traceable.
**Exception — migrations:** In migrations, hardcoded table names via `DB::table('settings')` are acceptable and preferred. Models change over time but migrations are frozen snapshots — referencing a model that is later renamed or deleted would break the migration.
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
# Error Handling Best Practices
## Exception Reporting and Rendering
There are two valid approaches — choose one and apply it consistently across the project.
**Co-location on the exception class** — keeps behavior alongside the exception definition, easier to find:
```php
class InvalidOrderException extends Exception
{
public function report(): void { /* custom reporting */ }
public function render(Request $request): Response
{
return response()->view('errors.invalid-order', status: 422);
}
}
```
**Centralized in `bootstrap/app.php`** — all exception handling in one place, easier to see the full picture:
```php
->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) {
$exceptions->report(function (InvalidOrderException $e) { /* ... */ });
$exceptions->render(function (InvalidOrderException $e, Request $request) {
return response()->view('errors.invalid-order', status: 422);
});
})
```
Check the existing codebase and follow whichever pattern is already established.
## Use `ShouldntReport` for Exceptions That Should Never Log
More discoverable than listing classes in `dontReport()`.
```php
class PodcastProcessingException extends Exception implements ShouldntReport {}
```
## Throttle High-Volume Exceptions
A single failing integration can flood error tracking. Use `throttle()` to rate-limit per exception type.
## Enable `dontReportDuplicates()`
Prevents the same exception instance from being logged multiple times when `report($e)` is called in multiple catch blocks.
## Force JSON Error Rendering for API Routes
Laravel auto-detects `Accept: application/json` but API clients may not set it. Explicitly declare JSON rendering for API routes.
```php
$exceptions->shouldRenderJsonWhen(function (Request $request, Throwable $e) {
return $request->is('api/*') || $request->expectsJson();
});
```
## Add Context to Exception Classes
Attach structured data to exceptions at the source via a `context()` method — Laravel includes it automatically in the log entry.
```php
class InvalidOrderException extends Exception
{
public function context(): array
{
return ['order_id' => $this->orderId];
}
}
```
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
# Events & Notifications Best Practices
## Rely on Event Discovery
Laravel auto-discovers listeners by reading `handle(EventType $event)` type-hints. No manual registration needed in `AppServiceProvider`.
## Run `event:cache` in Production Deploy
Event discovery scans the filesystem per-request in dev. Cache it in production: `php artisan optimize` or `php artisan event:cache`.
## Use `ShouldDispatchAfterCommit` Inside Transactions
Without it, a queued listener may process before the DB transaction commits, reading data that doesn't exist yet.
```php
class OrderShipped implements ShouldDispatchAfterCommit {}
```
## Always Queue Notifications
Notifications often hit external APIs (email, SMS, Slack). Without `ShouldQueue`, they block the HTTP response.
```php
class InvoicePaid extends Notification implements ShouldQueue
{
use Queueable;
}
```
## Use `afterCommit()` on Notifications in Transactions
Same race condition as events — call `afterCommit()` to delay dispatch until the transaction commits.
```php
$user->notify((new InvoicePaid($invoice))->afterCommit());
```
## Route Notification Channels to Dedicated Queues
Mail and database notifications have different priorities. Use `viaQueues()` to route them to separate queues.
## Use On-Demand Notifications for Non-User Recipients
Avoid creating dummy models to send notifications to arbitrary addresses.
```php
Notification::route('mail', 'admin@example.com')->notify(new SystemAlert());
```
## Implement `HasLocalePreference` on Notifiable Models
Laravel automatically uses the user's preferred locale for all notifications and mailables — no per-call `locale()` needed.
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
# HTTP Client Best Practices
## Always Set Explicit Timeouts
The default timeout is 30 seconds — too long for most API calls. Always set explicit `timeout` and `connectTimeout` to fail fast.
Incorrect:
```php
$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users');
```
Correct:
```php
$response = Http::timeout(5)
->connectTimeout(3)
->get('https://api.example.com/users');
```
For service-specific clients, define timeouts in a macro:
```php
Http::macro('github', function () {
return Http::baseUrl('https://api.github.com')
->timeout(10)
->connectTimeout(3)
->withToken(config('services.github.token'));
});
$response = Http::github()->get('/repos/laravel/framework');
```
## Use Retry with Backoff for External APIs
External APIs have transient failures. Use `retry()` with increasing delays.
Incorrect:
```php
$response = Http::post('https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges', $data);
if ($response->failed()) {
throw new PaymentFailedException('Charge failed');
}
```
Correct:
```php
$response = Http::retry([100, 500, 1000])
->timeout(10)
->post('https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges', $data);
```
Only retry on specific errors:
```php
$response = Http::retry(3, 100, function (Throwable $exception, PendingRequest $request) {
return $exception instanceof ConnectionException
|| ($exception instanceof RequestException && $exception->response->serverError());
})->post('https://api.example.com/data');
```
## Handle Errors Explicitly
The HTTP Client does not throw on 4xx/5xx by default. Always check status or use `throw()`.
Incorrect:
```php
$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users/1');
$user = $response->json(); // Could be an error body
```
Correct:
```php
$response = Http::timeout(5)
->get('https://api.example.com/users/1')
->throw();
$user = $response->json();
```
For graceful degradation:
```php
$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users/1');
if ($response->successful()) {
return $response->json();
}
if ($response->notFound()) {
return null;
}
$response->throw();
```
## Use Request Pooling for Concurrent Requests
When making multiple independent API calls, use `Http::pool()` instead of sequential calls.
Incorrect:
```php
$users = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users')->json();
$posts = Http::get('https://api.example.com/posts')->json();
$comments = Http::get('https://api.example.com/comments')->json();
```
Correct:
```php
use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
$pool->as('users')->get('https://api.example.com/users'),
$pool->as('posts')->get('https://api.example.com/posts'),
$pool->as('comments')->get('https://api.example.com/comments'),
]);
$users = $responses['users']->json();
$posts = $responses['posts']->json();
```
## Fake HTTP Calls in Tests
Never make real HTTP requests in tests. Use `Http::fake()` and `preventStrayRequests()`.
Incorrect:
```php
it('syncs user from API', function () {
$service = new UserSyncService;
$service->sync(1); // Hits the real API
});
```
Correct:
```php
it('syncs user from API', function () {
Http::preventStrayRequests();
Http::fake([
'api.example.com/users/1' => Http::response([
'name' => 'John Doe',
'email' => 'john@example.com',
]),
]);
$service = new UserSyncService;
$service->sync(1);
Http::assertSent(function (Request $request) {
return $request->url() === 'https://api.example.com/users/1';
});
});
```
Test failure scenarios too:
```php
Http::fake([
'api.example.com/*' => Http::failedConnection(),
]);
```
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
# Mail Best Practices
## Implement `ShouldQueue` on the Mailable Class
Makes queueing the default regardless of how the mailable is dispatched. No need to remember `Mail::queue()` at every call site — `Mail::send()` also queues it.
## Use `afterCommit()` on Mailables Inside Transactions
A queued mailable dispatched inside a transaction may process before the commit. Use `$this->afterCommit()` in the constructor.
## Use `assertQueued()` Not `assertSent()` for Queued Mailables
`Mail::assertSent()` only catches synchronous mail. Queued mailables fail `assertSent` with a "Did you mean to use assertQueued()?" hint.
Incorrect: `Mail::assertSent(OrderShipped::class);` when mailable implements `ShouldQueue`.
Correct: `Mail::assertQueued(OrderShipped::class);`
## Use Markdown Mailables for Transactional Emails
Markdown mailables auto-generate both HTML and plain-text versions, use responsive components, and allow global style customization. Generate with `--markdown` flag.
## Separate Content Tests from Sending Tests
Content tests: instantiate the mailable directly, call `assertSeeInHtml()`.
Sending tests: use `Mail::fake()` and `assertSent()`/`assertQueued()`.
Don't mix them — it conflates concerns and makes tests brittle.
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
# Migration Best Practices
## Generate Migrations with Artisan
Always use `php artisan make:migration` for consistent naming and timestamps.
Incorrect (manually created file):
```php
// database/migrations/posts_migration.php ← wrong naming, no timestamp
```
Correct (Artisan-generated):
```bash
php artisan make:migration create_posts_table
php artisan make:migration add_slug_to_posts_table
```
## Use `constrained()` for Foreign Keys
Automatic naming and referential integrity.
```php
$table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
// Non-standard names
$table->foreignId('author_id')->constrained('users');
```
## Never Modify Deployed Migrations
Once a migration has run in production, treat it as immutable. Create a new migration to change the table.
Incorrect (editing a deployed migration):
```php
// 2024_01_01_create_posts_table.php — already in production
$table->string('slug')->unique(); // ← added after deployment
```
Correct (new migration to alter):
```php
// 2024_03_15_add_slug_to_posts_table.php
Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->string('slug')->unique()->after('title');
});
```
## Add Indexes in the Migration
Add indexes when creating the table, not as an afterthought. Columns used in `WHERE`, `ORDER BY`, and `JOIN` clauses need indexes.
Incorrect:
```php
Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained();
$table->string('status');
$table->timestamps();
});
```
Correct:
```php
Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->index();
$table->string('status')->index();
$table->timestamp('shipped_at')->nullable()->index();
$table->timestamps();
});
```
## Mirror Defaults in Model `$attributes`
When a column has a database default, mirror it in the model so new instances have correct values before saving.
```php
// Migration
$table->string('status')->default('pending');
// Model
protected $attributes = [
'status' => 'pending',
];
```
## Write Reversible `down()` Methods by Default
Implement `down()` for schema changes that can be safely reversed so `migrate:rollback` works in CI and failed deployments.
```php
public function down(): void
{
Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->dropColumn('slug');
});
}
```
For intentionally irreversible migrations (e.g., destructive data backfills), leave a clear comment and require a forward fix migration instead of pretending rollback is supported.
## Keep Migrations Focused
One concern per migration. Never mix DDL (schema changes) and DML (data manipulation).
Incorrect (partial failure creates unrecoverable state):
```php
public function up(): void
{
Schema::create('settings', function (Blueprint $table) { ... });
DB::table('settings')->insert(['key' => 'version', 'value' => '1.0']);
}
```
Correct (separate migrations):
```php
// Migration 1: create_settings_table
Schema::create('settings', function (Blueprint $table) { ... });
// Migration 2: seed_default_settings
DB::table('settings')->insert(['key' => 'version', 'value' => '1.0']);
```
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
# Queue & Job Best Practices
## Set `retry_after` Greater Than `timeout`
If `retry_after` is shorter than the job's `timeout`, the queue worker re-dispatches the job while it's still running, causing duplicate execution.
Incorrect (`retry_after` ≤ `timeout`):
```php
class ProcessReport implements ShouldQueue
{
public $timeout = 120;
}
// config/queue.php — retry_after: 90 ← job retried while still running!
```
Correct (`retry_after` > `timeout`):
```php
class ProcessReport implements ShouldQueue
{
public $timeout = 120;
}
// config/queue.php — retry_after: 180 ← safely longer than any job timeout
```
## Use Exponential Backoff
Use progressively longer delays between retries to avoid hammering failing services.
Incorrect (fixed retry interval):
```php
class SyncWithStripe implements ShouldQueue
{
public $tries = 3;
// Default: retries immediately, overwhelming the API
}
```
Correct (exponential backoff):
```php
class SyncWithStripe implements ShouldQueue
{
public $tries = 3;
public $backoff = [1, 5, 10];
}
```
## Implement `ShouldBeUnique`
Prevent duplicate job processing.
```php
class GenerateInvoice implements ShouldQueue, ShouldBeUnique
{
public function uniqueId(): string
{
return $this->order->id;
}
public $uniqueFor = 3600;
}
```
## Always Implement `failed()`
Handle errors explicitly — don't rely on silent failure.
```php
public function failed(?Throwable $exception): void
{
$this->podcast->update(['status' => 'failed']);
Log::error('Processing failed', ['id' => $this->podcast->id, 'error' => $exception->getMessage()]);
}
```
## Rate Limit External API Calls in Jobs
Use `RateLimited` middleware to throttle jobs calling third-party APIs.
```php
public function middleware(): array
{
return [new RateLimited('external-api')];
}
```
## Batch Related Jobs
Use `Bus::batch()` when jobs should succeed or fail together.
```php
Bus::batch([
new ImportCsvChunk($chunk1),
new ImportCsvChunk($chunk2),
])
->then(fn (Batch $batch) => Notification::send($user, new ImportComplete))
->catch(fn (Batch $batch, Throwable $e) => Log::error('Batch failed'))
->dispatch();
```
## `retryUntil()` Needs `$tries = 0`
When using time-based retry limits, set `$tries = 0` to avoid premature failure.
```php
public $tries = 0;
public function retryUntil(): \DateTimeInterface
{
return now()->addHours(4);
}
```
## Use `ShouldBeUniqueUntilProcessing` for Early Lock Release
`ShouldBeUnique` holds the lock until the job completes. `ShouldBeUniqueUntilProcessing` releases it when processing starts, allowing new instances to queue.
```php
class UpdateSearchIndex implements ShouldQueue, ShouldBeUniqueUntilProcessing
{
// Lock releases when processing begins, not when it finishes
}
```
## Use Horizon for Complex Queue Scenarios
Use Laravel Horizon when you need monitoring, auto-scaling, failure tracking, or multiple queues with different priorities.
```php
// config/horizon.php
'environments' => [
'production' => [
'supervisor-1' => [
'connection' => 'redis',
'queue' => ['high', 'default', 'low'],
'balance' => 'auto',
'minProcesses' => 1,
'maxProcesses' => 10,
'tries' => 3,
],
],
],
```
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
# Routing & Controllers Best Practices
## Use Implicit Route Model Binding
Let Laravel resolve models automatically from route parameters.
Incorrect:
```php
public function show(int $id)
{
$post = Post::findOrFail($id);
}
```
Correct:
```php
public function show(Post $post)
{
return view('posts.show', ['post' => $post]);
}
```
## Use Scoped Bindings for Nested Resources
Enforce parent-child relationships automatically.
```php
Route::get('/users/{user}/posts/{post}', function (User $user, Post $post) {
// $post is automatically scoped to $user
})->scopeBindings();
```
## Use Resource Controllers
Use `Route::resource()` or `apiResource()` for RESTful endpoints.
```php
Route::resource('posts', PostController::class);
// In routes/api.php — the /api prefix is applied automatically
Route::apiResource('posts', Api\PostController::class);
```
## Keep Controllers Thin
Aim for under 10 lines per method. Extract business logic to action or service classes.
Incorrect:
```php
public function store(Request $request)
{
$validated = $request->validate([...]);
if ($request->hasFile('image')) {
$request->file('image')->move(public_path('images'));
}
$post = Post::create($validated);
$post->tags()->sync($validated['tags']);
event(new PostCreated($post));
return redirect()->route('posts.show', $post);
}
```
Correct:
```php
public function store(StorePostRequest $request, CreatePostAction $create)
{
$post = $create->execute($request->validated());
return redirect()->route('posts.show', $post);
}
```
## Type-Hint Form Requests
Type-hinting Form Requests triggers automatic validation and authorization before the method executes.
Incorrect:
```php
public function store(Request $request): RedirectResponse
{
$validated = $request->validate([
'title' => ['required', 'max:255'],
'body' => ['required'],
]);
Post::create($validated);
return redirect()->route('posts.index');
}
```
Correct:
```php
public function store(StorePostRequest $request): RedirectResponse
{
Post::create($request->validated());
return redirect()->route('posts.index');
}
```
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
# Task Scheduling Best Practices
## Use `withoutOverlapping()` on Variable-Duration Tasks
Without it, a long-running task spawns a second instance on the next tick, causing double-processing or resource exhaustion.
## Use `onOneServer()` on Multi-Server Deployments
Without it, every server runs the same task simultaneously. Requires a shared cache driver (Redis, database, Memcached).
## Use `runInBackground()` for Concurrent Long Tasks
By default, tasks at the same tick run sequentially. A slow first task delays all subsequent ones. `runInBackground()` runs them as separate processes.
## Use `environments()` to Restrict Tasks
Prevent accidental execution of production-only tasks (billing, reporting) on staging.
```php
Schedule::command('billing:charge')->monthly()->environments(['production']);
```
## Use `takeUntilTimeout()` for Time-Bounded Processing
A task running every 15 minutes that processes an unbounded cursor can overlap with the next run. Bound execution time.
## Use Schedule Groups for Shared Configuration
Avoid repeating `->onOneServer()->timezone('America/New_York')` across many tasks.
```php
Schedule::daily()
->onOneServer()
->timezone('America/New_York')
->group(function () {
Schedule::command('emails:send --force');
Schedule::command('emails:prune');
});
```
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
# Security Best Practices
## Mass Assignment Protection
Every model must define `$fillable` (whitelist) or `$guarded` (blacklist).
Incorrect:
```php
class User extends Model
{
protected $guarded = []; // All fields are mass assignable
}
```
Correct:
```php
class User extends Model
{
protected $fillable = [
'name',
'email',
'password',
];
}
```
Never use `$guarded = []` on models that accept user input.
## Authorize Every Action
Use policies or gates in controllers. Never skip authorization.
Incorrect:
```php
public function update(UpdatePostRequest $request, Post $post)
{
$post->update($request->validated());
}
```
Correct:
```php
public function update(UpdatePostRequest $request, Post $post)
{
Gate::authorize('update', $post);
$post->update($request->validated());
}
```
Or via Form Request:
```php
public function authorize(): bool
{
return $this->user()->can('update', $this->route('post'));
}
```
## Prevent SQL Injection
Always use parameter binding. Never interpolate user input into queries.
Incorrect:
```php
DB::select("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '{$request->name}'");
```
Correct:
```php
User::where('name', $request->name)->get();
// Raw expressions with bindings
User::whereRaw('LOWER(name) = ?', [strtolower($request->name)])->get();
```
## Escape Output to Prevent XSS
Use `{{ }}` for HTML escaping. Only use `{!! !!}` for trusted, pre-sanitized content.
Incorrect:
```blade
{!! $user->bio !!}
```
Correct:
```blade
{{ $user->bio }}
```
## CSRF Protection
Include `@csrf` in all POST/PUT/DELETE Blade forms. Inertia doesn't use `@csrf`; its HTTP client sends the `XSRF-TOKEN` cookie back as the `X-XSRF-TOKEN` header, which Laravel accepts in place of the `_token` field.
Incorrect:
```blade
<form method="POST" action="/posts">
<input type="text" name="title">
</form>
```
Correct:
```blade
<form method="POST" action="/posts">
@csrf
<input type="text" name="title">
</form>
```
## Rate Limit Auth and API Routes
Apply `throttle` middleware to authentication and API routes.
```php
RateLimiter::for('login', function (Request $request) {
return Limit::perMinute(5)->by($request->ip());
});
Route::post('/login', LoginController::class)->middleware('throttle:login');
```
## Validate File Uploads
Validate extension, MIME type, and size. The `mimes` rule checks extensions; use `mimetypes` for actual MIME type validation. Never trust client-provided filenames.
```php
public function rules(): array
{
return [
'avatar' => ['required', 'image', 'mimes:jpg,jpeg,png,webp', 'max:2048'],
];
}
```
Store with generated filenames:
```php
$path = $request->file('avatar')->store('avatars', 'public');
```
## Keep Secrets Out of Code
Never commit `.env`. Access secrets via `config()` only.
Incorrect:
```php
$key = env('API_KEY');
```
Correct:
```php
// config/services.php
'api_key' => env('API_KEY'),
// In application code
$key = config('services.api_key');
```
## Audit Dependencies
Run `composer audit` periodically to check for known vulnerabilities in dependencies. Automate this in CI to catch issues before deployment.
```bash
composer audit
```
## Encrypt Sensitive Database Fields
Use `encrypted` cast for API keys/tokens and mark the attribute as `hidden`.
Incorrect:
```php
class Integration extends Model
{
protected function casts(): array
{
return [
'api_key' => 'string',
];
}
}
```
Correct:
```php
class Integration extends Model
{
protected $hidden = ['api_key', 'api_secret'];
protected function casts(): array
{
return [
'api_key' => 'encrypted',
'api_secret' => 'encrypted',
];
}
}
```
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
# Conventions & Style
## Follow Laravel Naming Conventions
| What | Convention | Good | Bad |
|------|-----------|------|-----|
| Controller | singular | `ArticleController` | `ArticlesController` |
| Model | singular | `User` | `Users` |
| Table | plural, snake_case | `article_comments` | `articleComments` |
| Pivot table | singular alphabetical | `article_user` | `user_article` |
| Column | snake_case, no model name | `meta_title` | `article_meta_title` |
| Foreign key | singular model + `_id` | `article_id` | `articles_id` |
| Route | plural | `articles/1` | `article/1` |
| Route name | snake_case with dots | `users.show_active` | `users.show-active` |
| Method | camelCase | `getAll` | `get_all` |
| Variable | camelCase | `$articlesWithAuthor` | `$articles_with_author` |
| Collection | descriptive, plural | `$activeUsers` | `$data` |
| Object | descriptive, singular | `$activeUser` | `$users` |
| View | kebab-case | `show-filtered.blade.php` | `showFiltered.blade.php` |
| Config | snake_case | `google_calendar.php` | `googleCalendar.php` |
| Enum | singular | `UserType` | `UserTypes` |
## Prefer Shorter Readable Syntax
| Verbose | Shorter |
|---------|---------|
| `Session::get('cart')` | `session('cart')` |
| `$request->session()->get('cart')` | `session('cart')` |
| `$request->input('name')` | `$request->name` |
| `return Redirect::back()` | `return back()` |
| `Carbon::now()` | `now()` |
| `App::make('Class')` | `app('Class')` |
| `->where('column', '=', 1)` | `->where('column', 1)` |
| `->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')` | `->latest()` |
| `->orderBy('created_at', 'asc')` | `->oldest()` |
| `->first()->name` | `->value('name')` |
## Use Laravel String & Array Helpers
Laravel provides `Str`, `Arr`, `Number`, and `Uri` helper classes that are more readable, chainable, and UTF-8 safe than raw PHP functions. Always prefer them.
Strings — use `Str` and fluent `Str::of()` over raw PHP:
```php
// Incorrect
$slug = strtolower(str_replace(' ', '-', $title));
$short = substr($text, 0, 100) . '...';
$class = substr(strrchr('App\Models\User', '\\'), 1);
// Correct
$slug = Str::slug($title);
$short = Str::limit($text, 100);
$class = class_basename('App\Models\User');
```
Fluent strings — chain operations for complex transformations:
```php
// Incorrect
$result = strtolower(trim(str_replace('_', '-', $input)));
// Correct
$result = Str::of($input)->trim()->replace('_', '-')->lower();
```
Key `Str` methods to prefer: `Str::slug()`, `Str::limit()`, `Str::contains()`, `Str::before()`, `Str::after()`, `Str::between()`, `Str::camel()`, `Str::snake()`, `Str::kebab()`, `Str::headline()`, `Str::squish()`, `Str::mask()`, `Str::uuid()`, `Str::ulid()`, `Str::random()`, `Str::is()`.
Arrays — use `Arr` over raw PHP:
```php
// Incorrect
$name = isset($array['user']['name']) ? $array['user']['name'] : 'default';
// Correct
$name = Arr::get($array, 'user.name', 'default');
```
Key `Arr` methods: `Arr::get()`, `Arr::has()`, `Arr::only()`, `Arr::except()`, `Arr::first()`, `Arr::flatten()`, `Arr::pluck()`, `Arr::where()`, `Arr::wrap()`.
Numbers — use `Number` for display formatting:
```php
Number::format(1000000); // "1,000,000"
Number::currency(1500, 'USD'); // "$1,500.00"
Number::abbreviate(1000000); // "1M"
Number::fileSize(1024 * 1024); // "1 MB"
Number::percentage(75.5); // "75.5%"
```
URIs — use `Uri` for URL manipulation:
```php
$uri = Uri::of('https://example.com/search')
->withQuery(['q' => 'laravel', 'page' => 1]);
```
Use `$request->string('name')` to get a fluent `Stringable` directly from request input for immediate chaining.
Use `search-docs` for the full list of available methods — these helpers are extensive.
## No Inline JS/CSS in Blade
Do not put JS or CSS in Blade templates. Do not put HTML in PHP classes.
Incorrect:
```blade
let article = `{{ json_encode($article) }}`;
```
Correct:
```blade
<button class="js-fav-article" data-article='@json($article)'>{{ $article->name }}</button>
```
Pass data to JS via data attributes or use a dedicated PHP-to-JS package.
## No Unnecessary Comments
Code should be readable on its own. Use descriptive method and variable names instead of comments. The only exception is config files, where descriptive comments are expected.
Incorrect:
```php
// Check if there are any joins
if (count((array) $builder->getQuery()->joins) > 0)
```
Correct:
```php
if ($this->hasJoins())
```
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
# Testing Best Practices
## Use `LazilyRefreshDatabase` Over `RefreshDatabase`
`RefreshDatabase` migrates once per process and wraps each test in a rolled-back transaction. `LazilyRefreshDatabase` skips even that first migration if the schema is already up to date.
## Use Model Assertions Over Raw Database Assertions
Incorrect: `$this->assertDatabaseHas('users', ['id' => $user->id]);`
Correct: `$this->assertModelExists($user);`
More expressive, type-safe, and fails with clearer messages.
## Use Factory States and Sequences
Named states make tests self-documenting. Sequences eliminate repetitive setup.
Incorrect: `User::factory()->create(['email_verified_at' => null]);`
Correct: `User::factory()->unverified()->create();`
## Use `Exceptions::fake()` to Assert Exception Reporting
Instead of `withoutExceptionHandling()`, use `Exceptions::fake()` to assert the correct exception was reported while the request completes normally.
## Call `Event::fake()` After Factory Setup
Model factories rely on model events (e.g., `creating` to generate UUIDs). Calling `Event::fake()` before factory calls silences those events, producing broken models.
Incorrect: `Event::fake(); $user = User::factory()->create();`
Correct: `$user = User::factory()->create(); Event::fake();`
## Use `recycle()` to Share Relationship Instances Across Factories
Without `recycle()`, nested factories create separate instances of the same conceptual entity.
```php
Ticket::factory()
->recycle(Airline::factory()->create())
->create();
```
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
# Validation & Forms Best Practices
## Use Form Request Classes
Extract validation from controllers into dedicated Form Request classes.
Incorrect:
```php
public function store(Request $request)
{
$request->validate([
'title' => 'required|max:255',
'body' => 'required',
]);
}
```
Correct:
```php
public function store(StorePostRequest $request)
{
Post::create($request->validated());
}
```
## Array vs. String Notation for Rules
Array syntax is more readable and composes cleanly with `Rule::` objects. Prefer it in new code, but check existing Form Requests first and match whatever notation the project already uses.
```php
// Preferred for new code
'email' => ['required', 'email', Rule::unique('users')],
// Follow existing convention if the project uses string notation
'email' => 'required|email|unique:users',
```
## Always Use `validated()`
Get only validated data. Never use `$request->all()` for mass operations.
Incorrect:
```php
Post::create($request->all());
```
Correct:
```php
Post::create($request->validated());
```
## Use `Rule::when()` for Conditional Validation
```php
'company_name' => [
Rule::when($this->account_type === 'business', ['required', 'string', 'max:255']),
],
```
## Use the `after()` Method for Custom Validation
Use `after()` instead of `withValidator()` for custom validation logic that depends on multiple fields.
```php
public function after(): array
{
return [
function (Validator $validator) {
if ($this->quantity > Product::find($this->product_id)?->stock) {
$validator->errors()->add('quantity', 'Not enough stock.');
}
},
];
}
```
+203
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
---
name: pest-testing
description: "Use this skill for Pest PHP testing in Laravel projects only. Trigger whenever any test is being written, edited, fixed, or refactored — including fixing tests that broke after a code change, adding assertions, converting PHPUnit to Pest, adding datasets, and TDD workflows. Always activate when the user asks how to write something in Pest, mentions test files or directories (tests/Feature, tests/Unit, tests/Browser), or needs browser testing, smoke testing multiple pages for JS errors, architecture tests, or faster test runs with Test Impact Analysis. Covers: test()/it()/expect() syntax, datasets, mocking, browser testing (visit/click/fill), smoke testing, arch(), Livewire component tests, RefreshDatabase, Tia (--tia), sharding, and all Pest 5 features. Do not use for factories, seeders, migrations, controllers, models, or non-test PHP code."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Pest Testing 5
## Documentation
Use `search-docs` for detailed Pest 5 patterns and documentation.
## Basic Usage
### Creating Tests
All tests must be written using Pest. Use `php artisan make:test --pest {name}`.
The `{name}` argument should include only the path and test name, but should not include the test suite.
- Incorrect: `php artisan make:test --pest Feature/SomeFeatureTest` will generate `tests/Feature/Feature/SomeFeatureTest.php`
- Correct: `php artisan make:test --pest SomeControllerTest` will generate `tests/Feature/SomeControllerTest.php`
- Incorrect: `php artisan make:test --pest --unit Unit/SomeServiceTest` will generate `tests/Unit/Unit/SomeServiceTest.php`
- Correct: `php artisan make:test --pest --unit SomeServiceTest` will generate `tests/Unit/SomeServiceTest.php`
### Test Organization
- Unit/Feature tests: `tests/Feature` and `tests/Unit` directories.
- Browser tests: `tests/Browser/` directory.
- Do NOT remove tests without approval - these are core application code.
### Basic Test Structure
Pest supports both `test()` and `it()` functions. Before writing new tests, check existing test files in the same directory to match the project's convention. Use `test()` if existing tests use `test()`, or `it()` if they use `it()`.
<!-- Basic Pest Test Example -->
```php
it('is true', function () {
expect(true)->toBeTrue();
});
```
### Running Tests
- Run minimal tests with filter before finalizing: `php artisan test --compact --filter=testName`.
- Run all tests: `php artisan test --compact`.
- Run file: `php artisan test --compact tests/Feature/ExampleTest.php`.
- Run only tests affected by recent changes (Tia): `./vendor/bin/pest --parallel --tia`.
## Assertions
Use specific assertions (`assertSuccessful()`, `assertNotFound()`) instead of `assertStatus()`:
<!-- Pest Response Assertion -->
```php
it('returns all', function () {
$this->postJson('/api/docs', [])->assertSuccessful();
});
```
| Use | Instead of |
|-----|------------|
| `assertSuccessful()` | `assertStatus(200)` |
| `assertNotFound()` | `assertStatus(404)` |
| `assertForbidden()` | `assertStatus(403)` |
## Mocking
Import mock function before use: `use function Pest\Laravel\mock;`
## Datasets
Use datasets for repetitive tests (validation rules, etc.):
<!-- Pest Dataset Example -->
```php
it('has emails', function (string $email) {
expect($email)->not->toBeEmpty();
})->with([
'james' => 'james@laravel.com',
'taylor' => 'taylor@laravel.com',
]);
```
## Pest 5 Features
| Feature | Purpose |
|---------|---------|
| Tia (Test Impact Analysis) | Rerun only tests affected by recent changes |
| Time-Balanced Sharding | Split tests across CI shards by execution time |
| New Validation Expectations | `toBeEmail()`, `toBeUlid()`, `toBeIpAddress()`, and more |
| Browser Testing | Full integration tests in real browsers |
| Smoke Testing | Validate multiple pages quickly |
| Visual Regression | Compare screenshots for visual changes |
| Architecture Testing | Enforce code conventions |
### Tia (Test Impact Analysis)
Tia reruns only tests affected by recent changes and replays cached results for the rest, dramatically reducing suite duration:
<!-- Tia Example -->
```shell
./vendor/bin/pest --parallel --tia
```
- Replayed tests are not skipped — cached tests store everything they produced, including covered lines and branches.
- Detects Laravel, Symfony, Livewire, and Inertia automatically.
### New Validation Expectations
Pest 5 ships eight new validation matchers, all supporting `.not` negation:
<!-- Pest 5 Validation Expectations -->
```php
expect('nuno@pestphp.com')->toBeEmail();
expect('01ARZ3NDEKTSV4RRFFQ69G5FAV')->toBeUlid();
expect('192.168.1.1')->toBeIpAddress();
expect('00:1a:2b:3c:4d:5e')->toBeMacAddress();
expect('example.com')->toBeHostname();
expect('example.co.uk')->toBeDomain();
expect('Zm9vYmFy')->toBeBase64();
expect('deadbeef')->toBeHexadecimal();
```
### Time-Balanced Sharding
Distribute tests across CI shards by execution time rather than count:
<!-- Pest Sharding Example -->
```shell
./vendor/bin/pest --update-shards
./vendor/bin/pest --shard=1/4
```
Commit `tests/.pest/shards.json` to the repository so CI shards stay consistent.
### Browser Test Example
Browser tests run in real browsers for full integration testing:
- Browser tests live in `tests/Browser/`.
- Use Laravel features like `Event::fake()`, `assertAuthenticated()`, and model factories.
- Use `RefreshDatabase` for clean state per test.
- Interact with page: click, type, scroll, select, submit, drag-and-drop, touch gestures.
- Test on multiple browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari) if requested.
- Test on different devices/viewports (iPhone 14 Pro, tablets) if requested.
- Switch color schemes (light/dark mode) when appropriate.
- Take screenshots or pause tests for debugging.
<!-- Pest Browser Test Example -->
```php
it('may reset the password', function () {
Notification::fake();
$this->actingAs(User::factory()->create());
$page = visit('/sign-in');
$page->assertSee('Sign In')
->assertNoJavaScriptErrors()
->click('Forgot Password?')
->fill('email', 'nuno@laravel.com')
->click('Send Reset Link')
->assertSee('We have emailed your password reset link!');
Notification::assertSent(ResetPassword::class);
});
```
### Smoke Testing
Quickly validate multiple pages have no JavaScript errors:
<!-- Pest Smoke Testing Example -->
```php
$pages = visit(['/', '/about', '/contact']);
$pages->assertNoJavaScriptErrors()->assertNoConsoleLogs();
```
### Visual Regression Testing
Capture and compare screenshots to detect visual changes.
### Architecture Testing
<!-- Architecture Test Example -->
```php
arch('controllers')
->expect('App\Http\Controllers')
->toExtendNothing()
->toHaveSuffix('Controller');
```
## Common Pitfalls
- Not importing `use function Pest\Laravel\mock;` before using mock
- Using `assertStatus(200)` instead of `assertSuccessful()`
- Forgetting datasets for repetitive validation tests
- Deleting tests without approval
- Forgetting `assertNoJavaScriptErrors()` in browser tests
- Prefixing `Feature/` or `Unit/` in `{name}` when using `make:test`
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
---
name: tailwindcss-development
description: "Always invoke when the user's message includes 'tailwind' in any form. Also invoke for: building responsive grid layouts (multi-column card grids, product grids), flex/grid page structures (dashboards with sidebars, fixed topbars, mobile-toggle navs), styling UI components (cards, tables, navbars, pricing sections, forms, inputs, badges), adding dark mode variants, fixing spacing or typography, and Tailwind v3/v4 work. The core use case: writing or fixing Tailwind utility classes in HTML templates (Blade, JSX, Vue). Skip for backend PHP logic, database queries, API routes, JavaScript with no HTML/CSS component, CSS file audits, build tool configuration, and vanilla CSS."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Tailwind CSS Development
## Documentation
Use `search-docs` for detailed Tailwind CSS v4 patterns and documentation.
## Basic Usage
- Use Tailwind CSS classes to style HTML. Check and follow existing Tailwind conventions in the project before introducing new patterns.
- Offer to extract repeated patterns into components that match the project's conventions (e.g., Blade, JSX, Vue).
- Consider class placement, order, priority, and defaults. Remove redundant classes, add classes to parent or child elements carefully to reduce repetition, and group elements logically.
## Tailwind CSS v4 Specifics
- Always use Tailwind CSS v4 and avoid deprecated utilities.
- `corePlugins` is not supported in Tailwind v4.
### CSS-First Configuration
In Tailwind v4, configuration is CSS-first using the `@theme` directive — no separate `tailwind.config.js` file is needed:
<!-- CSS-First Config -->
```css
@theme {
--color-brand: oklch(0.72 0.11 178);
}
```
### Import Syntax
In Tailwind v4, import Tailwind with a regular CSS `@import` statement instead of the `@tailwind` directives used in v3:
<!-- v4 Import Syntax -->
```diff
- @tailwind base;
- @tailwind components;
- @tailwind utilities;
+ @import "tailwindcss";
```
### Replaced Utilities
Tailwind v4 removed deprecated utilities. Use the replacements shown below. Opacity values remain numeric.
| Deprecated | Replacement |
|------------|-------------|
| bg-opacity-* | bg-black/* |
| text-opacity-* | text-black/* |
| border-opacity-* | border-black/* |
| divide-opacity-* | divide-black/* |
| ring-opacity-* | ring-black/* |
| placeholder-opacity-* | placeholder-black/* |
| flex-shrink-* | shrink-* |
| flex-grow-* | grow-* |
| overflow-ellipsis | text-ellipsis |
| decoration-slice | box-decoration-slice |
| decoration-clone | box-decoration-clone |
## Spacing
Use `gap` utilities instead of margins for spacing between siblings:
<!-- Gap Utilities -->
```html
<div class="flex gap-8">
<div>Item 1</div>
<div>Item 2</div>
</div>
```
## Dark Mode
If existing pages and components support dark mode, new pages and components must support it the same way, typically using the `dark:` variant:
<!-- Dark Mode -->
```html
<div class="bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">
Content adapts to color scheme
</div>
```
## Common Patterns
### Flexbox Layout
<!-- Flexbox Layout -->
```html
<div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
<div>Left content</div>
<div>Right content</div>
</div>
```
### Grid Layout
<!-- Grid Layout -->
```html
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-6">
<div>Card 1</div>
<div>Card 2</div>
<div>Card 3</div>
</div>
```
## Common Pitfalls
- Using deprecated v3 utilities (bg-opacity-*, flex-shrink-*, etc.)
- Using `@tailwind` directives instead of `@import "tailwindcss"`
- Trying to use `tailwind.config.js` instead of CSS `@theme` directive
- Using margins for spacing between siblings instead of gap utilities
- Forgetting to add dark mode variants when the project uses dark mode
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
---
name: wayfinder-development
description: "Use this skill for Laravel Wayfinder which auto-generates typed functions for Laravel controllers and routes. ALWAYS use this skill when frontend code needs to call backend routes or controller actions. Trigger when: connecting any React/Vue/Svelte/Inertia frontend to Laravel controllers, routes, building end-to-end features with both frontend and backend, wiring up forms or links to backend endpoints, fixing route-related TypeScript errors, importing from @/actions or @/routes, or running wayfinder:generate. Use Wayfinder route functions instead of hardcoded URLs. Covers: wayfinder() vite plugin, .url()/.get()/.post()/.form(), query params, route model binding, tree-shaking. Do not use for backend-only task"
license: MIT
metadata:
author: laravel
---
# Wayfinder Development
## Documentation
Use `search-docs` for detailed Wayfinder patterns and documentation.
## Quick Reference
### Generate Routes
Run after route changes if Vite plugin isn't installed:
```bash
php artisan wayfinder:generate --no-interaction
```
For form helpers, use `--with-form` flag:
```bash
php artisan wayfinder:generate --with-form --no-interaction
```
### Import Patterns
<!-- Controller Action Imports -->
```typescript
// Named imports for tree-shaking (preferred)...
import { show, store, update } from '@/actions/App/Http/Controllers/PostController'
// Named route imports...
import { show as postShow } from '@/routes/post'
```
### Common Methods
<!-- Wayfinder Methods -->
```typescript
// Get route object...
show(1) // { url: "/posts/1", method: "get" }
// Get URL string...
show.url(1) // "/posts/1"
// Specific HTTP methods...
show.get(1)
store.post()
update.patch(1)
destroy.delete(1)
// Form attributes for HTML forms...
store.form() // { action: "/posts", method: "post" }
// Query parameters...
show(1, { query: { page: 1 } }) // "/posts/1?page=1"
```
## Wayfinder + Inertia
Use Wayfinder with the `<Form>` component:
<!-- Wayfinder Form (Vue) -->
```vue
<Form v-bind="store.form()"><input name="title" /></Form>
```
## Verification
1. Run `php artisan wayfinder:generate` to regenerate routes if Vite plugin isn't installed
2. Check TypeScript imports resolve correctly
3. Verify route URLs match expected paths
## Common Pitfalls
- Using default imports instead of named imports (breaks tree-shaking)
- Forgetting to regenerate after route changes
- Not using type-safe parameter objects for route model binding
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[mcp_servers.laravel-boost]
command = "php"
args = ["artisan", "boost:mcp"]
[mcp_servers.nightwatch]
command = "npx"
args = ["-y", "mcp-remote", "https://nightwatch.laravel.com/mcp"]
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<laravel-boost-guidelines>
=== foundation rules ===
# Laravel Boost Guidelines
The Laravel Boost guidelines are specifically curated by Laravel maintainers for this application. These guidelines should be followed closely to ensure the best experience when building Laravel applications.
## Foundational Context
This application is a Laravel application running on PHP 8.5. You are an expert with the Laravel ecosystem. Always use the APIs that match the installed major version of each package — do not assume a version.
Before relying on a package's API, confirm its installed version:
- PHP packages: run `composer show --direct` to list direct dependencies with versions, or `composer show <vendor/package>` for a single package.
- JS packages: check `package.json` for the installed versions.
## Skills Activation
This project has domain-specific skills available in `**/skills/**`. You MUST activate the relevant skill whenever you work in that domain—don't wait until you're stuck.
## Conventions
- You must follow all existing code conventions used in this application. When creating or editing a file, check sibling files for the correct structure, approach, and naming.
- Use descriptive names for variables and methods. For example, `isRegisteredForDiscounts`, not `discount()`.
- Check for existing components to reuse before writing a new one.
## Verification Scripts
- Do not create verification scripts or tinker when tests cover that functionality and prove they work. Unit and feature tests are more important.
## Application Structure & Architecture
- Stick to existing directory structure; don't create new base folders without approval.
- Do not change the application's dependencies without approval.
## Frontend Bundling
- If the user doesn't see a frontend change reflected in the UI, it could mean they need to run `npm run build`, `npm run dev`, or `composer run dev`. Ask them.
## Documentation Files
- You must only create documentation files if explicitly requested by the user.
## Replies
- Be concise in your explanations - focus on what's important rather than explaining obvious details.
=== boost rules ===
# Laravel Boost
## Tools
- Laravel Boost is an MCP server with tools designed specifically for this application. Prefer Boost tools over manual alternatives like shell commands or file reads.
- Use `database-query` to run read-only queries against the database instead of writing raw SQL in tinker.
- Use `database-schema` to inspect table structure before writing migrations or models.
- Use `get-absolute-url` to resolve the correct scheme, domain, and port for project URLs. Always use this before sharing a URL with the user.
- Use `browser-logs` to read browser logs, errors, and exceptions. Only recent logs are useful, ignore old entries.
## Searching Documentation (IMPORTANT)
- Always use `search-docs` before making code changes. Do not skip this step. It returns version-specific docs based on installed packages automatically.
- Pass a `packages` array to scope results when you know which packages are relevant.
- Use multiple broad, topic-based queries: `['rate limiting', 'routing rate limiting', 'routing']`. Expect the most relevant results first.
- Do not add package names to queries because package info is already shared. Use `test resource table`, not `filament 4 test resource table`.
### Search Syntax
1. Use words for auto-stemmed AND logic: `rate limit` matches both "rate" AND "limit".
2. Use `"quoted phrases"` for exact position matching: `"infinite scroll"` requires adjacent words in order.
3. Combine words and phrases for mixed queries: `middleware "rate limit"`.
4. Use multiple queries for OR logic: `queries=["authentication", "middleware"]`.
## Project Rules
- This project contains committed, area-grouped rules in `.ai/rules` when that directory exists (settled decisions, non-obvious traps, standing constraints). Framework and package guidelines that only apply to specific paths (testing, frontend, components) also live there, under `.ai/rules/boost` — this is not just recorded decisions, it is load-bearing guidance you have not seen inline. Before you enter plan mode or create/edit any file, you MUST first: open @.ai/rules/index.md (it maps file globs to rule files), read every rule file whose globs cover the path(s) in scope, and run `grep -rin 'keyword' .ai/rules` to catch what a path match alone misses. Do not write code until you have read and are following every matching rule. If `.ai/rules` does not exist, continue without it.
- Record durable rules with `record-rule` so the next agent or teammate inherits them instead of working them out again. Pass a `glob` (e.g. `app/Http/Controllers/**`), a short `title`, and a few-line `note`. Always use `record-rule`, never your native memory or notes tool — native memory is personal and session-scoped; only `.ai/rules` is shared with the team and persists in the repo.
## Artisan
- Run Artisan commands directly via the command line (e.g., `php artisan route:list`). Use `php artisan list` to discover available commands and `php artisan [command] --help` to check parameters.
- Inspect routes with `php artisan route:list`. Filter with: `--method=GET`, `--name=users`, `--path=api`, `--except-vendor`, `--only-vendor`.
- Read configuration values using dot notation: `php artisan config:show app.name`, `php artisan config:show database.default`. Or read config files directly from the `config/` directory.
## Tinker
- Execute PHP in app context for debugging and testing code. Do not create models without user approval, prefer tests with factories instead. Prefer existing Artisan commands over custom tinker code.
- Always use single quotes to prevent shell expansion: `php artisan tinker --execute 'Your::code();'`
- Double quotes for PHP strings inside: `php artisan tinker --execute 'User::where("active", true)->count();'`
=== php rules ===
# PHP
- Always use curly braces for control structures, even for single-line bodies.
- Use PHP 8 constructor property promotion: `public function __construct(public GitHub $github) { }`. Do not leave empty zero-parameter `__construct()` methods unless the constructor is private.
- Use explicit return type declarations and type hints for all method parameters: `function isAccessible(User $user, ?string $path = null): bool`
- Use TitleCase for Enum keys: `FavoritePerson`, `BestLake`, `Monthly`.
- Prefer PHPDoc blocks over inline comments. Only add inline comments for exceptionally complex logic.
- Use array shape type definitions in PHPDoc blocks.
=== deployments rules ===
# Deployment
- Laravel can be deployed using [Laravel Cloud](https://cloud.laravel.com/), which is the fastest way to deploy and scale production Laravel applications.
=== tests rules ===
# Test Enforcement
- Every change must be programmatically tested. Write a new test or update an existing test, then run the affected tests to make sure they pass.
- Run the minimum number of tests needed to ensure code quality and speed. Use `php artisan test --compact` with a specific filename or filter.
=== inertia-laravel/core rules ===
# Inertia
- Inertia creates fully client-side rendered SPAs without modern SPA complexity, leveraging existing server-side patterns.
- Components live in `resources/js/pages` (unless specified in `vite.config.js`). Use `Inertia::render()` for server-side routing instead of Blade views.
- ALWAYS use `search-docs` tool for version-specific Inertia documentation and updated code examples.
- IMPORTANT: Activate `inertia-vue-development` when working with Inertia Vue client-side patterns.
# Inertia v3
- Use all Inertia features from v1, v2, and v3. Check the documentation before making changes to ensure the correct approach.
- New v3 features: standalone HTTP requests (`useHttp` hook), optimistic updates with automatic rollback, layout props (`useLayoutProps` hook), instant visits, simplified SSR via `@inertiajs/vite` plugin, custom exception handling for error pages.
- Carried over from v2: deferred props, infinite scroll, merging props, polling, prefetching, once props, flash data.
- When using deferred props, add an empty state with a pulsing or animated skeleton.
- Axios has been removed. Use the built-in XHR client with interceptors, or install Axios separately if needed.
- `Inertia::lazy()` / `LazyProp` has been removed. Use `Inertia::optional()` instead.
- Prop types (`Inertia::optional()`, `Inertia::defer()`, `Inertia::merge()`) work inside nested arrays with dot-notation paths.
- SSR works automatically in Vite dev mode with `@inertiajs/vite` - no separate Node.js server needed during development.
- Event renames: `invalid` is now `httpException`, `exception` is now `networkError`.
- `router.cancel()` replaced by `router.cancelAll()`.
- The `future` configuration namespace has been removed - all v2 future options are now always enabled.
=== laravel/core rules ===
# Do Things the Laravel Way
- Use `php artisan make:` commands to create new files (i.e. migrations, controllers, models, etc.). You can list available Artisan commands using `php artisan list` and check their parameters with `php artisan [command] --help`.
- If you're creating a generic PHP class, use `php artisan make:class`.
- Pass `--no-interaction` to all Artisan commands to ensure they work without user input. You should also pass the correct `--options` to ensure correct behavior.
### Model Creation
- When creating new models, create useful factories and seeders for them too. Ask the user if they need any other things, using `php artisan make:model --help` to check the available options.
## APIs & Eloquent Resources
- For APIs, default to using Eloquent API Resources and API versioning unless existing API routes do not, then you should follow existing application convention.
## URL Generation
- When generating links to other pages, prefer named routes and the `route()` function.
## Testing
- When creating models for tests, use the factories for the models. Check if the factory has custom states that can be used before manually setting up the model.
- Faker: Use methods such as `$this->faker->word()` or `fake()->randomDigit()`. Follow existing conventions whether to use `$this->faker` or `fake()`.
- When creating tests, make use of `php artisan make:test [options] {name}` to create a feature test, and pass `--unit` to create a unit test. Most tests should be feature tests.
## Vite Error
- If you receive an "Illuminate\Foundation\ViteException: Unable to locate file in Vite manifest" error, you can run `npm run build` or ask the user to run `npm run dev` or `composer run dev`.
=== wayfinder/core rules ===
# Laravel Wayfinder
Use Wayfinder to generate TypeScript functions for Laravel routes. Import from `@/actions/` (controllers) or `@/routes/` (named routes).
=== pint/core rules ===
# Laravel Pint Code Formatter
- If you have modified any PHP files, you must run `vendor/bin/pint --dirty --format agent` before finalizing changes to ensure your code matches the project's expected style.
- Do not run `vendor/bin/pint --test --format agent`, simply run `vendor/bin/pint --format agent` to fix any formatting issues.
=== pest/core rules ===
## Pest
- This project uses Pest for testing. Create tests: `php artisan make:test --pest {name}`.
- The `{name}` argument should not include the test suite directory. Use `php artisan make:test --pest SomeFeatureTest` instead of `php artisan make:test --pest Feature/SomeFeatureTest`.
- Run tests: `php artisan test --compact` or filter: `php artisan test --compact --filter=testName`.
- Do NOT delete tests without approval.
=== inertia-vue/core rules ===
# Inertia + Vue
Vue components must have a single root element.
- IMPORTANT: Activate `inertia-vue-development` when working with Inertia Vue client-side patterns.
</laravel-boost-guidelines>
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@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
namespace App\Providers;
use Carbon\CarbonImmutable;
use Illuminate\Foundation\DevCommands;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Date;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
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@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
{
"agents": [
"codex"
],
"cloud": false,
"guidelines": true,
"mcp": true,
"nightwatch": true,
"sail": false,
"skills": [
"infer-conventions",
"fortify-development",
"laravel-best-practices",
"configure-nightwatch",
"wayfinder-development",
"pest-testing",
"inertia-vue-development",
"echo-development",
"tailwindcss-development"
]
}
+2 -1
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@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
"laravel/chisel": "^0.1.0",
"laravel/fortify": "^1.37.2",
"laravel/framework": "^13.17",
"laravel/nightwatch": "*",
"laravel/reverb": "^1.11",
"laravel/tinker": "^3.0",
"laravel/wayfinder": "^0.1.14"
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@
],
"ci:check": [
"Composer\\Config::disableProcessTimeout",
"npm audit --audit-level=high",
"npm run lint:check",
"npm run format:check",
"npm run types:check",
"@test"
],
Generated
+96 -2
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
"Read more about it at https://getcomposer.org/doc/01-basic-usage.md#installing-dependencies",
"This file is @generated automatically"
],
"content-hash": "7f5e9a72c66a95e3c6cd86619f4c2c0c",
"content-hash": "7d8aa1ace83ea95d9aa8a8dd6cc1c2da",
"packages": [
{
"name": "bacon/bacon-qr-code",
@@ -1802,6 +1802,100 @@
},
"time": "2026-08-11T13:56:22+00:00"
},
{
"name": "laravel/nightwatch",
"version": "v1.28.7",
"source": {
"type": "git",
"url": "https://github.com/laravel/nightwatch.git",
"reference": "b285c24a791d676cff89d6f4d682514300cf1034"
},
"dist": {
"type": "zip",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/laravel/nightwatch/zipball/b285c24a791d676cff89d6f4d682514300cf1034",
"reference": "b285c24a791d676cff89d6f4d682514300cf1034",
"shasum": ""
},
"require": {
"ext-zlib": "*",
"guzzlehttp/promises": "^2.0",
"laravel/framework": "^10.0|^11.0|^12.0|^13.0",
"monolog/monolog": "^3.6",
"nesbot/carbon": "^2.0|^3.0",
"php": "^8.2",
"psr/http-message": "^1.0|^2.0",
"psr/log": "^1.0|^2.0|^3.0",
"ramsey/uuid": "^4.0",
"symfony/console": "^6.0|^7.0|^8.0",
"symfony/http-foundation": "^6.0|^7.0|^8.0",
"symfony/polyfill-php84": "^1.29"
},
"require-dev": {
"aws/aws-sdk-php": "^3.349",
"ext-pcntl": "*",
"ext-pdo": "*",
"guzzlehttp/guzzle": "^7.0",
"guzzlehttp/psr7": "^2.0",
"laravel/horizon": "^5.4",
"laravel/pint": "1.21.0",
"laravel/vapor-core": "^2.38.2",
"livewire/livewire": "^2.0|^3.0",
"mockery/mockery": "^1.0",
"mongodb/laravel-mongodb": "^4.0|^5.0",
"orchestra/testbench": "^8.0|^9.0|^10.0|^11.0",
"orchestra/testbench-core": "^8.0|^9.0|^10.0|^11.0",
"orchestra/workbench": "^8.0|^9.0|^10.0|^11.0",
"phpstan/phpstan": "^1.0",
"phpunit/phpunit": "^10.0|^11.0|^12.0",
"singlestoredb/singlestoredb-laravel": "^1.0|^2.0",
"spatie/laravel-ignition": "^2.0",
"symfony/mailer": "^6.0|^7.0|^8.0",
"symfony/mime": "^6.0|^7.0|^8.0",
"symfony/var-dumper": "^6.0|^7.0|^8.0"
},
"type": "library",
"extra": {
"laravel": {
"aliases": {
"Nightwatch": "Laravel\\Nightwatch\\Facades\\Nightwatch"
},
"providers": [
"Laravel\\Nightwatch\\NightwatchServiceProvider"
]
}
},
"autoload": {
"files": [
"agent/helpers.php"
],
"psr-4": {
"Laravel\\Nightwatch\\": "src/"
}
},
"notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
"license": [
"MIT"
],
"authors": [
{
"name": "Taylor Otwell",
"email": "taylor@laravel.com"
}
],
"description": "The official Laravel Nightwatch package.",
"homepage": "https://nightwatch.laravel.com",
"keywords": [
"Insights",
"laravel",
"monitoring"
],
"support": {
"docs": "https://nightwatch.laravel.com/docs",
"issues": "https://github.com/laravel/nightwatch/issues",
"source": "https://github.com/laravel/nightwatch"
},
"time": "2026-08-13T06:35:30+00:00"
},
{
"name": "laravel/passkeys",
"version": "v0.2.1",
@@ -12375,5 +12469,5 @@
"php": "^8.3"
},
"platform-dev": {},
"plugin-api-version": "2.6.0"
"plugin-api-version": "2.9.0"
}
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@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
use App\Jobs\CloseInactiveRooms;
use App\Jobs\MarkInactivePlayers;
use Illuminate\Foundation\DevCommands;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Inspiring;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Artisan;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schedule;
DevCommands::artisan('reverb:start', 'reverb')->purple();